1 00:00:07,674 --> 00:00:08,775 >> HELLO AND WELCOME TO 2 00:00:08,775 --> 00:00:09,542 ANOTHER EPISODE OF 3 00:00:09,542 --> 00:00:11,144 "NASA SCIENCE LIVE", 4 00:00:11,144 --> 00:00:13,580 I'M YOUR HOST LAUREN WARD. 5 00:00:13,580 --> 00:00:14,848 SEA LEVELS ACROSS THE GLOBE 6 00:00:14,848 --> 00:00:16,116 ARE RISING AS A RESULT OF 7 00:00:16,116 --> 00:00:17,550 A CHANGING CLIMATE, 8 00:00:17,550 --> 00:00:18,251 AND THE RATES AT WHICH 9 00:00:18,251 --> 00:00:19,018 THEY ARE RISING 10 00:00:19,018 --> 00:00:20,387 ARE ACCELERATING. 11 00:00:20,387 --> 00:00:21,721 FOR NEARLY THIRTY YEARS, 12 00:00:21,721 --> 00:00:23,123 NASA HAS CONTINUALLY 13 00:00:23,123 --> 00:00:23,757 BEEN TRACKING 14 00:00:23,757 --> 00:00:25,024 THE GLOBAL SURFACE HEIGHT 15 00:00:25,024 --> 00:00:26,493 OF THE OCEAN FROM SPACE 16 00:00:26,493 --> 00:00:27,627 IN ORDER TO UNDERSTAND 17 00:00:27,627 --> 00:00:29,295 SEA LEVEL RISE. 18 00:00:29,295 --> 00:00:30,230 RISING SEA LEVEL 19 00:00:30,230 --> 00:00:31,164 AFFECTS EVERYONE 20 00:00:31,164 --> 00:00:32,432 ACROSS THE GLOBE 21 00:00:32,432 --> 00:00:33,867 FROM COASTAL COMMUNITIES, 22 00:00:33,867 --> 00:00:34,734 TO THOSE LIVING IN 23 00:00:34,734 --> 00:00:36,736 LANDLOCKED REGIONS. 24 00:00:36,736 --> 00:00:37,804 TODAY WE WILL DIVE DEEP 25 00:00:37,804 --> 00:00:39,005 AND DISCUSS HOW NASA 26 00:00:39,005 --> 00:00:40,473 AND OTHERS ACROSS THE GLOBE 27 00:00:40,473 --> 00:00:42,208 ARE MONITORING OUR OCEANS, 28 00:00:42,208 --> 00:00:43,710 AND WHAT COMMUNITIES ARE DOING 29 00:00:43,710 --> 00:00:45,178 TO ALLEVIATE THE IMPACTS 30 00:00:45,178 --> 00:00:46,880 OF SEA LEVEL RISE. 31 00:00:46,880 --> 00:00:48,281 BUT FIRST, WHAT EXACTLY IS 32 00:00:48,281 --> 00:00:50,550 SEA LEVEL RISE? 33 00:00:54,320 --> 00:00:55,221 >> AROUND THE GLOBE, 34 00:00:55,221 --> 00:00:58,291 SEA LEVELS ARE RISING. 35 00:00:58,291 --> 00:00:59,426 GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS 36 00:00:59,426 --> 00:01:01,761 CAUSE OUR PLANET TO WARM 37 00:01:01,761 --> 00:01:03,029 AND EARTH'S OCEANS ABSORB 38 00:01:03,029 --> 00:01:05,932 ABOUT 90% OF THE EXCESS HEAT. 39 00:01:05,932 --> 00:01:07,167 AS ICE MELTS AT THE POLES 40 00:01:07,167 --> 00:01:08,435 AND HIGH IN THE MOUNTAINS, 41 00:01:08,435 --> 00:01:09,169 AND THE MOLECULES 42 00:01:09,169 --> 00:01:10,703 OF OCEAN WATER EXPAND, 43 00:01:10,703 --> 00:01:12,272 THE SEAS ARE MAKING THEIR WAY 44 00:01:12,272 --> 00:01:15,208 ON TO LAND. 45 00:01:15,208 --> 00:01:16,776 SINCE 1880, SEA LEVELS 46 00:01:16,776 --> 00:01:17,977 HAVE RISEN ABOUT EIGHT 47 00:01:17,977 --> 00:01:19,679 TO NINE INCHES. 48 00:01:19,679 --> 00:01:20,346 BUT THE SEAS 49 00:01:20,346 --> 00:01:21,781 DON'T RISE UNIFORMLY, 50 00:01:21,781 --> 00:01:23,049 SOME PLACES ARE AT HIGHER RISK 51 00:01:23,049 --> 00:01:24,751 FOR FLOODING, 52 00:01:24,751 --> 00:01:26,553 AND SEA LEVELS ARE RISING FASTER 53 00:01:26,553 --> 00:01:28,455 AS TIME PASSES. 54 00:01:28,455 --> 00:01:30,056 RIGHT NOW, SEA LEVEL IS RISING 55 00:01:30,056 --> 00:01:32,725 ABOUT 3.3 MILLIMETERS A YEAR, 56 00:01:32,725 --> 00:01:36,463 30% FASTER THAN IN 1992. 57 00:01:36,463 --> 00:01:37,397 HERE AT NASA 58 00:01:37,397 --> 00:01:38,598 WE'RE USING SATELLITES, 59 00:01:38,598 --> 00:01:39,332 LIKE THE NEW 60 00:01:39,332 --> 00:01:41,134 SENTINEL-6 MICHAEL FREILICH, 61 00:01:41,134 --> 00:01:43,069 ALONG WITH SHIPS AND AIRPLANES, 62 00:01:43,069 --> 00:01:43,970 TO STUDY THE PROCESSES 63 00:01:43,970 --> 00:01:46,005 DRIVING SEA LEVELS RISE, 64 00:01:46,005 --> 00:01:49,309 AND THE AFFECTS OF RISING SEAS. 65 00:01:50,643 --> 00:01:51,444 >> OVER THE COURSE OF 66 00:01:51,444 --> 00:01:52,812 NEARLY THREE DECADES, 67 00:01:52,812 --> 00:01:53,847 A SERIES OF SATELLITES 68 00:01:53,847 --> 00:01:54,881 HAVE CIRCLED OUR PLANET 69 00:01:54,881 --> 00:01:56,082 CONTINUOUSLY MEASURING 70 00:01:56,082 --> 00:01:57,484 SEA LEVELS. 71 00:01:57,484 --> 00:01:58,051 THEIR DATA 72 00:01:58,051 --> 00:01:58,985 HAVE HELPED RESEARCHES 73 00:01:58,985 --> 00:01:59,919 REVEAL MYSTERIES 74 00:01:59,919 --> 00:02:00,920 OF WEATHER PHENOMENON 75 00:02:00,920 --> 00:02:02,155 LIKE EL NIÑO, 76 00:02:02,155 --> 00:02:03,523 AND HAVE ALSO HELPED RESEARCHERS 77 00:02:03,523 --> 00:02:05,358 FORECAST HOW MUCH SEA LEVEL RISE 78 00:02:05,358 --> 00:02:07,460 COULD IMPACT OUR COASTLINES. 79 00:02:07,460 --> 00:02:09,062 NOW ENGINEERS AND SCIENTISTS 80 00:02:09,062 --> 00:02:09,863 ARE PREPARING TO LAUNCH 81 00:02:09,863 --> 00:02:11,664 TWO IDENTICAL SATELLITES 82 00:02:11,664 --> 00:02:13,433 TO ADD TO THIS LEGACY. 83 00:02:13,433 --> 00:02:14,434 FIRST, SENTINEL-6 84 00:02:14,434 --> 00:02:15,568 MICHAEL FREILICH, 85 00:02:15,568 --> 00:02:17,136 AND SECOND, SENTINEL-6B, 86 00:02:17,136 --> 00:02:19,205 LAUNCHING FIVE YEARS LATER. 87 00:02:19,205 --> 00:02:20,106 HERE TO TELL US MORE 88 00:02:20,106 --> 00:02:21,174 IS THE SENTINEL-6 89 00:02:21,174 --> 00:02:23,309 PROJECT MANAGER, PARAG VAZE, 90 00:02:23,309 --> 00:02:24,210 WHO HAS BEEN PART OF 91 00:02:24,210 --> 00:02:25,979 SEA LEVEL RISE OBSERVATIONS 92 00:02:25,979 --> 00:02:28,248 FOR NEARLY THIRTY YEARS. 93 00:02:29,148 --> 00:02:30,950 >> I SEE PICTURES OF 94 00:02:30,950 --> 00:02:32,986 COASTAL INUNDATION AND FLOODING. 95 00:02:32,986 --> 00:02:34,654 WHAT MIGHT HAPPEN IN 96 00:02:34,654 --> 00:02:35,755 THE NEXT HUNDRED YEARS 97 00:02:35,755 --> 00:02:37,891 WITH THE TWO HUNDRED MILLION 98 00:02:37,891 --> 00:02:40,260 PLUS PEOPLE WHO LIVE IN 99 00:02:40,260 --> 00:02:41,895 THOSE LOW-LYING COASTAL AREAS 100 00:02:41,895 --> 00:02:43,930 ALL ACROSS THE GLOBE? 101 00:02:43,930 --> 00:02:45,832 MY NAME IS PARAG VAZE, 102 00:02:45,832 --> 00:02:47,066 AND I DO ANYTHING 103 00:02:47,066 --> 00:02:48,201 AND EVERYTHING 104 00:02:48,201 --> 00:02:49,002 THAT'S NEEDED TO 105 00:02:49,002 --> 00:02:51,437 MAKE SENTINEL-6 PROJECTS 106 00:02:51,437 --> 00:02:52,238 SUCCESSFUL. 107 00:02:52,238 --> 00:02:54,340 SENTINEL-6 IS ALL ABOUT WATER. 108 00:02:54,340 --> 00:02:55,875 SO THIS IS A, UM, 109 00:02:55,875 --> 00:02:57,544 A ONE THIRD SCALE MODEL 110 00:02:57,544 --> 00:02:59,679 OF THE SENTINEL-6 SATELLITE. 111 00:02:59,679 --> 00:03:00,547 SENTINEL-6 IS 112 00:03:00,547 --> 00:03:03,116 A COLLABORATION WITH NASA, NOAA, 113 00:03:03,116 --> 00:03:04,617 THE EUROPEAN SPACE AGENCY, 114 00:03:04,617 --> 00:03:06,953 AND-AND ALSO EUMETSAT IN EUROPE 115 00:03:06,953 --> 00:03:08,221 TO MEASURE SEA LEVEL. 116 00:03:08,221 --> 00:03:09,188 THIS SORT OF TOP HALF 117 00:03:09,188 --> 00:03:11,224 OF THE SATELLITE OF HOUSES, UM, 118 00:03:11,224 --> 00:03:12,425 THE MAIN INSTRUMENTS. 119 00:03:12,425 --> 00:03:14,027 THE HISTORY BEHIND THIS 120 00:03:14,027 --> 00:03:15,395 GOES BACK THIRTY YEARS. 121 00:03:15,395 --> 00:03:17,063 I'VE WORKED ON TOPEX/POSEIDON, 122 00:03:17,063 --> 00:03:19,232 JASON 1, JASON 2, JASON 3, 123 00:03:19,232 --> 00:03:20,233 AND NOW SENTINEL-6. 124 00:03:20,233 --> 00:03:21,301 ALL OF THEM ARE 125 00:03:21,301 --> 00:03:23,503 THE SAME SERIES OF-OF MISSIONS. 126 00:03:23,503 --> 00:03:24,804 IT'S A GREAT, UH, 127 00:03:24,804 --> 00:03:26,205 FEELING OF SATISFACTION. 128 00:03:26,205 --> 00:03:27,874 I HAD ASPIRATIONS RIGHT FROM 129 00:03:27,874 --> 00:03:29,909 CHILDHOOD TO SOMEHOW, UH, 130 00:03:29,909 --> 00:03:31,911 WORK IN THE SPACE INDUSTRY. 131 00:03:31,911 --> 00:03:34,180 I KNEW THAT I WANTED TO WORK IN 132 00:03:34,180 --> 00:03:35,114 SOMETHING THAT MADE 133 00:03:35,114 --> 00:03:36,115 A DIFFERENCE. 134 00:03:36,115 --> 00:03:37,517 THIS IS THE ROOM WHERE WE-WE, 135 00:03:37,517 --> 00:03:38,618 UH, DEVELOPED, INTEGRATED, 136 00:03:38,618 --> 00:03:39,452 TESTED THE SENTINEL-6 137 00:03:39,452 --> 00:03:40,353 INSTRUMENTS. 138 00:03:40,353 --> 00:03:41,254 AND THEN RIGHT HERE 139 00:03:41,254 --> 00:03:42,956 IS WHERE WE PACK IT UP ALSO, 140 00:03:42,956 --> 00:03:44,424 BEFORE WE SHIPPED IT TO GERMANY. 141 00:03:44,424 --> 00:03:46,659 SEEING THAT COME TO FRUITION 142 00:03:46,659 --> 00:03:48,861 IS A PERSONAL SATISFACTION 143 00:03:48,861 --> 00:03:50,830 AND AN EMOTIONAL SATISFACTION. 144 00:03:50,830 --> 00:03:52,966 THE IMPORTANCE OF THIS PROJECT 145 00:03:52,966 --> 00:03:54,400 AND WHERE IT TOUCHES 146 00:03:54,400 --> 00:03:56,402 IS ON ALL WALKS OF LIFE 147 00:03:56,402 --> 00:03:58,972 ALL ACROSS THE WORLD. 148 00:04:01,841 --> 00:04:03,109 >> PARAG, THANK YOU SO MUCH 149 00:04:03,109 --> 00:04:05,044 FOR JOINING US. 150 00:04:05,044 --> 00:04:06,713 >> THANK YOU FOR HAVING ME. 151 00:04:06,713 --> 00:04:07,046 >> ALL RIGHT, 152 00:04:07,046 --> 00:04:08,247 LET'S KICK THIS OFF. 153 00:04:08,247 --> 00:04:09,749 WHY IS IT IMPORTANT 154 00:04:09,749 --> 00:04:12,986 TO STUDY SEA LEVEL RISE AT ALL? 155 00:04:12,986 --> 00:04:14,721 >> YEAH, SEA LEVEL RISE, UH, 156 00:04:14,721 --> 00:04:16,789 IS AN EXTREMELY IMPORTANT TOPIC, 157 00:04:16,789 --> 00:04:18,257 UH, FOR EVERYONE. 158 00:04:18,257 --> 00:04:19,826 UH, SOMETHING THAT, UH, 159 00:04:19,826 --> 00:04:21,094 PEOPLE HAVE, UH, 160 00:04:21,094 --> 00:04:22,862 SEEN IN THEIR BACK YARDS WITH, 161 00:04:22,862 --> 00:04:24,797 UH, WITH THE OCEANS ACTUALLY, 162 00:04:24,797 --> 00:04:27,400 UH, CHANGING OVER TIME. 163 00:04:27,400 --> 00:04:28,835 UH, IT'S SOMETHING THAT PEOPLE 164 00:04:28,835 --> 00:04:30,436 ARE NOTICING MORE RECENTLY 165 00:04:30,436 --> 00:04:31,671 BUT SOMETHING THAT PEOPLE 166 00:04:31,671 --> 00:04:32,438 HAVE KNOWN FOR 167 00:04:32,438 --> 00:04:33,606 A LONG, LONG TIME. 168 00:04:33,606 --> 00:04:35,408 UH, AND IT AFFECTS, UH, 169 00:04:35,408 --> 00:04:36,309 EVERY DAY LIFE, 170 00:04:36,309 --> 00:04:37,844 IT AFFECTS COMMERCE, 171 00:04:37,844 --> 00:04:40,446 IT AFFECTS, UH, SHIPPING, UH, 172 00:04:40,446 --> 00:04:41,981 ALL KINDS OF APPLICATIONS 173 00:04:41,981 --> 00:04:43,750 WHERE PEOPLE REALLY WANT AND 174 00:04:43,750 --> 00:04:45,652 NEED TO KNOW WHAT'S HAPPENING 175 00:04:45,652 --> 00:04:48,421 ON-ON OUR OCEANS, WHICH, UH, 176 00:04:48,421 --> 00:04:50,089 YOU KNOW, SURROUND OUR EARTH, 177 00:04:50,089 --> 00:04:52,425 UH, FOR, UH, THE VAST MAJORITY 178 00:04:52,425 --> 00:04:54,293 OF-OF THE EARTH, UH, HAVING, 179 00:04:54,293 --> 00:04:56,362 UH, OCEANS-HAVING, UH OCEANS, 180 00:04:56,362 --> 00:04:57,030 UH, 70%. 181 00:04:57,030 --> 00:04:59,432 >> THAT'S RIGHT. 182 00:04:59,432 --> 00:05:01,067 UH, YOU MAKE A GREAT POINT, 183 00:05:01,067 --> 00:05:03,603 YOU KNOW, UH, IT'S MOST OF OUR-- 184 00:05:03,603 --> 00:05:04,904 IT'S MOST OF PLANET EARTH. 185 00:05:04,904 --> 00:05:06,773 UM, SO WHAT WILL THIS MISSION 186 00:05:06,773 --> 00:05:08,574 IN PARTICULAR CONTRIBUTE 187 00:05:08,574 --> 00:05:09,742 TO THE EFFORT OF STUDYING 188 00:05:09,742 --> 00:05:12,245 SEA LEVEL RISE? 189 00:05:12,245 --> 00:05:13,946 >> RIGHT SO-SO SEA LEVEL RISE, 190 00:05:13,946 --> 00:05:15,381 OR SEA LEVEL, UH, 191 00:05:15,381 --> 00:05:17,316 HAS BEEN AN IMPORTANT TOPIC 192 00:05:17,316 --> 00:05:17,817 FOR PEOPLE, 193 00:05:17,817 --> 00:05:19,652 BUT REALLY UNDERSTANDING AND 194 00:05:19,652 --> 00:05:21,320 QUANTIFYING WHAT'S HAPPENING 195 00:05:21,320 --> 00:05:23,389 WITH THE-WITH THE OCEAN, UH, 196 00:05:23,389 --> 00:05:25,391 IS-IS DIFFICULT TO DO. 197 00:05:25,391 --> 00:05:27,493 UH, IT'S-IT'S CHANGING SLOWLY 198 00:05:27,493 --> 00:05:29,395 BUT IT IS CHANGING. 199 00:05:29,395 --> 00:05:31,597 UH, AND UNDERSTANDING HOW, 200 00:05:31,597 --> 00:05:32,699 UH-UH, QUICKLY 201 00:05:32,699 --> 00:05:35,601 THAT'S CHANGING REQUIRES 202 00:05:35,601 --> 00:05:37,070 REALLY A MEASUREMENT, 203 00:05:37,070 --> 00:05:38,671 A VERY PRECISE MEASUREMENT 204 00:05:38,671 --> 00:05:40,106 AND A CONTINUOUS MEASUREMENT. 205 00:05:40,106 --> 00:05:42,542 SO SENTINEL-6 WILL CONTINUE 206 00:05:42,542 --> 00:05:43,609 THAT MEASUREMENT 207 00:05:43,609 --> 00:05:44,644 THAT'S BEEN ESTABLISHED 208 00:05:44,644 --> 00:05:46,112 FOR TWENTY-EIGHT YEARS 209 00:05:46,112 --> 00:05:47,880 AND WHAT'S SPECIAL IS-IS 210 00:05:47,880 --> 00:05:49,248 REALLY CONTINUE THAT 211 00:05:49,248 --> 00:05:50,016 OVER THE COURSE OF 212 00:05:50,016 --> 00:05:51,851 THE NEXT DECADES WITH, UH, 213 00:05:51,851 --> 00:05:52,885 WITH TWO SATELLITES, 214 00:05:52,885 --> 00:05:54,754 NOT JUST THE ONE OFF SATELLITE, 215 00:05:54,754 --> 00:05:55,988 BUT TWO SATELLITES, UH, 216 00:05:55,988 --> 00:05:57,356 TO-TO REALLY, UH, 217 00:05:57,356 --> 00:05:59,926 ESTABLISH AND CONTINUE THAT. 218 00:05:59,926 --> 00:06:00,993 >> THAT'S REMARKABLE. 219 00:06:00,993 --> 00:06:01,828 UH, YOU KNOW ONE THING 220 00:06:01,828 --> 00:06:02,428 THAT I THINK IS 221 00:06:02,428 --> 00:06:04,597 REALLY INTERESTING IS, UM, 222 00:06:04,597 --> 00:06:06,032 HOW WILL IT ACTUALLY 223 00:06:06,032 --> 00:06:07,200 MEASURE SEA LEVEL RISE, 224 00:06:07,200 --> 00:06:08,801 AND HOW WILL THAT CONTRIBUTE TO 225 00:06:08,801 --> 00:06:10,303 WHAT WE ALREADY KNOW ABOUT 226 00:06:10,303 --> 00:06:12,739 SEA LEVEL RISE? 227 00:06:12,739 --> 00:06:13,806 >> YEAH SO, UH, 228 00:06:13,806 --> 00:06:14,707 PEOPLE HAVE BEEN INTERESTED 229 00:06:14,707 --> 00:06:16,242 IN MEASURING SEA LEVEL, 230 00:06:16,242 --> 00:06:18,010 THEY'VE BEEN USING, UH, 231 00:06:18,010 --> 00:06:19,412 YOU KNOW, DIPSTICKS ESSENTIALLY 232 00:06:19,412 --> 00:06:22,415 IN-IN-IN THE YEARS, UH, 233 00:06:22,415 --> 00:06:23,883 SINCE WHEN SHIPS WERE OUT 234 00:06:23,883 --> 00:06:25,318 ON THE OCEAN, UH, 235 00:06:25,318 --> 00:06:26,385 AND PEOPLE WERE CURIOUS 236 00:06:26,385 --> 00:06:28,254 WHAT'S HAPPENING IN, UH, LIVING, 237 00:06:28,254 --> 00:06:30,723 UH, CLOSE TO-CLOSE TO THE OCEAN. 238 00:06:30,723 --> 00:06:32,158 UH, BUT THAT IS 239 00:06:32,158 --> 00:06:33,593 A DIFFICULT PROCESS 240 00:06:33,593 --> 00:06:34,293 TO REALLY UNDERSTAND 241 00:06:34,293 --> 00:06:35,628 WHAT'S ACTUALLY HAPPENING 242 00:06:35,628 --> 00:06:37,463 PRECISELY ACROSS THE WORLD. 243 00:06:37,463 --> 00:06:39,432 SO SATELLITE REMOTE SENSING 244 00:06:39,432 --> 00:06:42,135 REALLY IS A SOLUTION, UH, 245 00:06:42,135 --> 00:06:43,536 THAT ALLOWS US TO UNDERSTAND 246 00:06:43,536 --> 00:06:46,172 WHAT'S HAPPENING PRECISELY, UH, 247 00:06:46,172 --> 00:06:47,740 OVER ALL OF THE OCEANS 248 00:06:47,740 --> 00:06:50,243 ACROSS THE WHOLE WORLD. 249 00:06:50,243 --> 00:06:51,978 >> SO I UNDERSTAND SENTINEL-6 250 00:06:51,978 --> 00:06:53,246 IS AN INTERNATIONAL MISSION, 251 00:06:53,246 --> 00:06:54,213 SPEAKING OF SEEING 252 00:06:54,213 --> 00:06:55,615 THE WHOLE WORLD, UM, 253 00:06:55,615 --> 00:06:56,516 CAN YOU SPEAK ABOUT 254 00:06:56,516 --> 00:06:58,618 SOME OF THE GLOBAL COLLABORATION 255 00:06:58,618 --> 00:07:00,052 THAT HAPPENED, UH, 256 00:07:00,052 --> 00:07:01,154 TO-TO GET THIS MISSION 257 00:07:01,154 --> 00:07:03,222 OFF THE GROUND? 258 00:07:03,222 --> 00:07:05,224 >> YEAH SO, UM, IT'S A- 259 00:07:05,224 --> 00:07:06,692 IT'S A GLOBAL PROBLEM, 260 00:07:06,692 --> 00:07:07,960 IT'S A DIFFICULT PROBLEM, 261 00:07:07,960 --> 00:07:10,730 SO, UH, IT REQUIRES, UH, 262 00:07:10,730 --> 00:07:13,166 YOU KNOW, A-A GLOBAL SOLUTION 263 00:07:13,166 --> 00:07:14,767 AND THAT MEANS PEOPLE, UH, 264 00:07:14,767 --> 00:07:16,269 FROM ALL SKILL LEVELS 265 00:07:16,269 --> 00:07:17,703 CONTRIBUTING TO THAT, 266 00:07:17,703 --> 00:07:18,571 THAT HAS ACTUALLY 267 00:07:18,571 --> 00:07:19,872 BEEN HAPPENING, UM, 268 00:07:19,872 --> 00:07:21,741 AND WITH ENGINEERS, SCIENTISTS, 269 00:07:21,741 --> 00:07:24,010 USERS, UH, FOR MANY, MANY YEARS. 270 00:07:24,010 --> 00:07:25,678 BUT SENTINEL-6 BRINGS 271 00:07:25,678 --> 00:07:26,712 THAT TOGETHER 272 00:07:26,712 --> 00:07:28,581 IN AN OPERATIONAL SENSE. 273 00:07:28,581 --> 00:07:29,515 UH, IT GOES FROM 274 00:07:29,515 --> 00:07:30,349 TAKING SOMETHING 275 00:07:30,349 --> 00:07:32,885 THAT'S BEEN DONE TOGETHER, UH, 276 00:07:32,885 --> 00:07:34,020 AND BRINGING ALL THE RESOURCES 277 00:07:34,020 --> 00:07:35,154 AND MINDS TOGETHER, 278 00:07:35,154 --> 00:07:36,889 UH-UH TRADITIONALLY 279 00:07:36,889 --> 00:07:38,124 FOR THE PAST TWENTY-EIGHT YEARS, 280 00:07:38,124 --> 00:07:39,325 AND REALLY LOOKS TOWARDS 281 00:07:39,325 --> 00:07:40,126 MAKING THAT INTO 282 00:07:40,126 --> 00:07:41,828 AN OPERATIONAL SERVICE 283 00:07:41,828 --> 00:07:42,695 THAT'S GONNA CONTINUE 284 00:07:42,695 --> 00:07:44,397 FOR THE NEXT, UH, DECADES, 285 00:07:44,397 --> 00:07:46,399 OR-OR-OR MORE. 286 00:07:46,399 --> 00:07:46,866 >> YES. 287 00:07:46,866 --> 00:07:48,534 AS YOU SAY, GLOBAL PROBLEMS 288 00:07:48,534 --> 00:07:50,102 REQUIRE GLOBAL SOLUTIONS, 289 00:07:50,102 --> 00:07:51,838 AND WE ARE DOING JUST THAT. 290 00:07:51,838 --> 00:07:53,139 UM, BUT THAT'S ALL THE TIME 291 00:07:53,139 --> 00:07:55,007 WE HAVE, UM, THANK YOU SO MUCH 292 00:07:55,007 --> 00:07:56,809 FOR JOINING US, PARAG. 293 00:07:56,809 --> 00:07:58,277 >> THANK YOU FOR HAVING ME. 294 00:07:58,277 --> 00:07:59,178 >> A SATELLITE DEDICATED TO 295 00:07:59,178 --> 00:08:00,613 UNCOVERING NEW KNOWLEDGE 296 00:08:00,613 --> 00:08:02,114 ABOUT OUR RISING SEAS, 297 00:08:02,114 --> 00:08:03,282 DESERVES TO BE NAMED AFTER 298 00:08:03,282 --> 00:08:04,851 SOMEONE WHO DEDICATED HIS LIFE 299 00:08:04,851 --> 00:08:06,786 TO UNDERSTANDING OUR OCEANS. 300 00:08:06,786 --> 00:08:07,687 THAT IS WHY NASA'S 301 00:08:07,687 --> 00:08:08,621 EUROPEAN PARTNERS 302 00:08:08,621 --> 00:08:09,388 ON THIS MISSION, 303 00:08:09,388 --> 00:08:11,691 NAMED SENTINEL-6A SATELLITE 304 00:08:11,691 --> 00:08:13,826 IN HONOR OF MICHAEL FREILICH, 305 00:08:13,826 --> 00:08:15,394 A WORLD RENOWNED OCEANOGRAPHER 306 00:08:15,394 --> 00:08:16,495 AND FORMER DIRECTOR OF 307 00:08:16,495 --> 00:08:18,998 NASA'S EARTH SCIENCE DIVISION. 308 00:08:18,998 --> 00:08:20,032 MIKE'S CONTRIBUTIONS TO 309 00:08:20,032 --> 00:08:23,269 EARTH SCIENCE WERE INVALUABLE. 310 00:08:24,537 --> 00:08:27,673 >> MY STORY IS LIKELY QUITE 311 00:08:27,673 --> 00:08:29,175 A-TYPICAL. 312 00:08:29,175 --> 00:08:32,745 I KNEW IN TENTH GRADE 313 00:08:32,745 --> 00:08:33,980 THAT I WANTED TO BE 314 00:08:33,980 --> 00:08:36,182 A NEAR SHORE OCEANOGRAPHER. 315 00:08:36,182 --> 00:08:37,783 WHAT HAS DRIVEN ME 316 00:08:37,783 --> 00:08:40,086 IS UNDERSTANDING 317 00:08:40,086 --> 00:08:42,688 HOW NATURE WORKS. 318 00:08:42,688 --> 00:08:45,324 >> AND THAT'S WHY HUMANITY, 319 00:08:45,324 --> 00:08:49,362 NOT ONE AGENCY, NOT ONE COUNTRY, 320 00:08:49,362 --> 00:08:51,364 NOT ONE CONTINENT, 321 00:08:51,364 --> 00:08:53,332 BUT WHY HUMANITY HAS BEEN 322 00:08:53,332 --> 00:08:55,201 MONITORING GLOBAL SEA LEVEL 323 00:08:55,201 --> 00:08:56,702 FROM SPACE WITH 324 00:08:56,702 --> 00:08:59,572 EXQUISITE ACCURACY FOR 325 00:08:59,572 --> 00:09:01,774 MORE THAN TWENTY-EIGHT YEARS. 326 00:09:01,774 --> 00:09:02,541 >> HE'S A WORLD-RENOWNED 327 00:09:02,541 --> 00:09:03,843 OCEAN SCIENTIST, 328 00:09:03,843 --> 00:09:05,311 WHO AFTER A SUCCESSFUL CAREER 329 00:09:05,311 --> 00:09:07,747 IN ACADEMIA CAME TO NASA, 330 00:09:07,747 --> 00:09:09,248 AND FOR A DOZEN YEARS, 331 00:09:09,248 --> 00:09:10,683 DR. MIKE FREILICH 332 00:09:10,683 --> 00:09:12,151 LED ALL OF EARTH SCIENCE. 333 00:09:12,151 --> 00:09:13,319 >> AND THIS REALLY BROUGHT NASA 334 00:09:13,319 --> 00:09:16,522 BACK ON THE INTERNATIONAL STAGE. 335 00:09:16,522 --> 00:09:17,823 >> AND THIS IS NOT WRONG, 336 00:09:17,823 --> 00:09:19,358 YOU ALSO CHANGED THE DISCIPLINE 337 00:09:19,358 --> 00:09:21,093 OF EARTH SCIENCE 338 00:09:21,093 --> 00:09:22,862 IN A PROFOUND WAY, 339 00:09:22,862 --> 00:09:24,196 COMBINING SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 340 00:09:24,196 --> 00:09:25,031 TO UNDERSTAND 341 00:09:25,031 --> 00:09:26,732 OUR BEAUTIFUL PLANET. 342 00:09:26,732 --> 00:09:28,668 >> MIKE FREILICH'S LEGACY 343 00:09:28,668 --> 00:09:30,202 IS BEING ABLE TO 344 00:09:30,202 --> 00:09:31,237 BUILD THE COALITIONS 345 00:09:31,237 --> 00:09:32,772 THAT ARE NECESSARY FOR US 346 00:09:32,772 --> 00:09:34,974 TO GET AS MUCH UNDERSTANDING 347 00:09:34,974 --> 00:09:36,709 OF OUR PLANET AS POSSIBLE. 348 00:09:36,709 --> 00:09:38,144 THERE IS NOT ANOTHER PERSON 349 00:09:38,144 --> 00:09:39,478 MORE DESERVING OF THIS HONOR 350 00:09:39,478 --> 00:09:40,479 THAN MIKE FREILICH. 351 00:09:40,479 --> 00:09:42,181 >> I AM VERY PLEASED TO RENAME 352 00:09:42,181 --> 00:09:44,450 SENTINEL-6A IN THE FUTURE 353 00:09:44,450 --> 00:09:46,218 TO BE CALLED SENTINEL-6 354 00:09:46,218 --> 00:09:47,320 MICHAEL FREILICH. 355 00:09:47,320 --> 00:09:51,357 [ APPLAUSE ] 356 00:09:52,458 --> 00:09:52,858 >> YOU KNOW, 357 00:09:52,858 --> 00:09:55,094 WHEN I-WHEN I FIRST FOUND OUT, 358 00:09:55,094 --> 00:09:57,997 UH, THAT MIKE HAD-- 359 00:09:57,997 --> 00:09:58,898 WHEN I FIRST FOUND OUT 360 00:09:58,898 --> 00:10:00,466 THAT MIKE HAD CANCER, 361 00:10:00,466 --> 00:10:02,301 I WANT HIM TO KNOW THAT, UM, 362 00:10:02,301 --> 00:10:03,202 ALL THE WORK HE'S DONE 363 00:10:03,202 --> 00:10:04,937 IS EXTREMELY MEANINGFUL. 364 00:10:04,937 --> 00:10:06,339 >> I AM MUCH BETTER 365 00:10:06,339 --> 00:10:07,740 BECAUSE OF WHAT I LEARNED 366 00:10:07,740 --> 00:10:08,975 FROM HIM AND BECAUSE 367 00:10:08,975 --> 00:10:09,809 I HAD THE OPPORTUNITY 368 00:10:09,809 --> 00:10:10,810 TO WORK WITH HIM. 369 00:10:10,810 --> 00:10:12,678 >> MIKE IS A LEADER 370 00:10:12,678 --> 00:10:13,813 TO ALL OF US, 371 00:10:13,813 --> 00:10:15,147 AND A MENTOR, 372 00:10:15,147 --> 00:10:16,849 AND, UH, A PERSON WHO REALLY 373 00:10:16,849 --> 00:10:18,184 DEMANDS EARTH SCIENCE 374 00:10:18,184 --> 00:10:19,352 FOR THE ENTIRE WORLD. 375 00:10:19,352 --> 00:10:20,653 >> HE WAS ABSOLUTELY 376 00:10:20,653 --> 00:10:22,922 COMMITTED TO DISPASSIONATELY 377 00:10:22,922 --> 00:10:24,523 FOLLOWING THE SCIENCE. 378 00:10:24,523 --> 00:10:25,825 >> HE HAD HIGH STANDARDS 379 00:10:25,825 --> 00:10:27,593 FOR HIMSELF, UH, 380 00:10:27,593 --> 00:10:29,095 AND EVERYONE AROUND HIM. 381 00:10:29,095 --> 00:10:30,129 >> WE'RE ABLE TO RAISE THE BAR 382 00:10:30,129 --> 00:10:31,030 OF WHAT WE CAN EXPECT 383 00:10:31,030 --> 00:10:32,264 FROM OURSELVES, 384 00:10:32,264 --> 00:10:33,299 FROM OUR PARTNERS, 385 00:10:33,299 --> 00:10:34,166 AND FROM OUR LARGER 386 00:10:34,166 --> 00:10:35,334 GLOBAL COMMUNITY. 387 00:10:35,334 --> 00:10:36,769 >> MIKE HAD A VERY BIG, 388 00:10:36,769 --> 00:10:39,939 UH, VERY FULL RED PEN. 389 00:10:39,939 --> 00:10:40,940 EVERYBODY WAS ALWAYS 390 00:10:40,940 --> 00:10:42,274 AFRAID OF THAT RED PEN. 391 00:10:42,274 --> 00:10:44,777 >> HIS PRETTY INTENSE ENERGY 392 00:10:44,777 --> 00:10:46,112 AND ONE OF THE CHARACTERISTICS 393 00:10:46,112 --> 00:10:47,313 WAS THE BOUNCING KNEE, 394 00:10:47,313 --> 00:10:48,314 WHICH YOU NEVER MISSED 395 00:10:48,314 --> 00:10:49,482 AND IT WAS ALWAYS THERE 396 00:10:49,482 --> 00:10:50,750 AND YOU COULD KIND OF GAUGE 397 00:10:50,750 --> 00:10:51,917 THE WAY THE MEETING IS GOING 398 00:10:51,917 --> 00:10:53,419 BY THE PACE OF THE BOUNCE. 399 00:10:53,419 --> 00:10:54,720 >> I HAVE A LOT OF, 400 00:10:54,720 --> 00:10:56,922 UH, EMAILS-EMAILS, 401 00:10:56,922 --> 00:10:58,557 ON MY SMARTPHONE EXCHANGED 402 00:10:58,557 --> 00:10:59,325 WITH MIKE, 403 00:10:59,325 --> 00:11:00,626 WHICH I KEEP AS A TREASURE. 404 00:11:00,626 --> 00:11:01,560 >> IT IS A NO-BRAINER THAT, 405 00:11:01,560 --> 00:11:04,163 UH-UH, THAT-THAT WE ALL 406 00:11:04,163 --> 00:11:05,531 CAME TOGETHER AND, UH, 407 00:11:05,531 --> 00:11:06,565 AND THAT THEY WERE ABLE 408 00:11:06,565 --> 00:11:08,134 TO-TO REALLY RALLY AROUND 409 00:11:08,134 --> 00:11:09,702 AND-AND-AND ALLOW, 410 00:11:09,702 --> 00:11:11,537 UM, THE NAME, RENAMING OF, 411 00:11:11,537 --> 00:11:13,672 UH, SENTINEL-6A AFTER MIKE. 412 00:11:13,672 --> 00:11:14,640 >> EARTH SYSTEM SCIENCE 413 00:11:14,640 --> 00:11:16,442 IS BIGGER THAN ANY 414 00:11:16,442 --> 00:11:18,077 PARTICULAR AGENCY, 415 00:11:18,077 --> 00:11:19,345 IT'S BIGGER THAN 416 00:11:19,345 --> 00:11:21,547 ANY SINGLE NATION, 417 00:11:21,547 --> 00:11:22,381 IT'S BIGGER THAN ANY 418 00:11:22,381 --> 00:11:24,383 SINGLE CONTINENT. 419 00:11:24,383 --> 00:11:25,985 AND I SURELY HOPE, 420 00:11:25,985 --> 00:11:28,521 BECAUSE HUMANITY REQUIRES IT, 421 00:11:28,521 --> 00:11:30,456 THAT WE MAKE SOME SIGNIFICANT 422 00:11:30,456 --> 00:11:32,925 PROGRESS IN UNDERSTANDING. 423 00:11:32,925 --> 00:11:34,393 >> YOU DID GOOD, DR. FREILICH 424 00:11:34,393 --> 00:11:35,628 FOR ALL OF US, 425 00:11:35,628 --> 00:11:36,495 AND FOR THAT WE'RE ALL 426 00:11:36,495 --> 00:11:37,863 VERY GRATEFUL. 427 00:11:46,672 --> 00:11:47,640 >> MIKE FREILICH WAS 428 00:11:47,640 --> 00:11:48,774 A LEADER IN EARTH SCIENCE 429 00:11:48,774 --> 00:11:50,009 WHO BELIEVED IN FOSTERING 430 00:11:50,009 --> 00:11:51,277 INTERNATIONAL PARTNERSHIPS 431 00:11:51,277 --> 00:11:52,445 TO IMPROVE OUR UNDERSTANDING 432 00:11:52,445 --> 00:11:54,213 OF ALL EARTH SYSTEMS, 433 00:11:54,213 --> 00:11:55,881 INCLUDING OUR OCEANS. 434 00:11:55,881 --> 00:11:56,615 LET'S GET TO KNOW SOME OF 435 00:11:56,615 --> 00:11:57,750 THE PEOPLE BEHIND THIS 436 00:11:57,750 --> 00:12:00,352 TRULY INTERNATIONAL MISSION. 437 00:12:00,352 --> 00:12:01,220 >> THIS IS THIS BIG 438 00:12:01,220 --> 00:12:02,321 COMPLEX MACHINE THAT 439 00:12:02,321 --> 00:12:03,889 WE'RE TRYING TO UNDERSTAND. 440 00:12:03,889 --> 00:12:04,323 >> WE REALLY NEED TO 441 00:12:04,323 --> 00:12:05,491 UNDERSTAND HOW IT'S CHANGING, 442 00:12:05,491 --> 00:12:06,959 HOW IS IT EVOLVING. 443 00:12:06,959 --> 00:12:07,593 >> WHEREVER YOU LIVE 444 00:12:07,593 --> 00:12:08,828 ON THIS GLOBE, 445 00:12:08,828 --> 00:12:10,196 THE OCEANS WILL INFLUENCE YOU 446 00:12:10,196 --> 00:12:11,664 IN SOME FORM OR THE OTHER. 447 00:12:11,664 --> 00:12:12,798 >> WE ARE ANSWERING THOSE 448 00:12:12,798 --> 00:12:14,066 REALLY INTERESTING 449 00:12:14,066 --> 00:12:15,334 AND HARD QUESTIONS 450 00:12:15,334 --> 00:12:16,168 THAT WE ALL HAVE 451 00:12:16,168 --> 00:12:17,136 ABOUT OUR UNIVERSE 452 00:12:17,136 --> 00:12:18,304 AND OUR PLANET. 453 00:12:18,304 --> 00:12:20,005 >> MY NAME IS SEVERINE FOURNIER, 454 00:12:20,005 --> 00:12:21,607 AND I'M OBSERVING OUR CHANGING 455 00:12:21,607 --> 00:12:23,008 OCEANS FROM SPACE. 456 00:12:23,008 --> 00:12:23,909 >> I'M SHANNON STATHAM, 457 00:12:23,909 --> 00:12:25,945 AND HERE AT NASA JPL, 458 00:12:25,945 --> 00:12:27,346 I HELP PREPARE SENTINEL-6 459 00:12:27,346 --> 00:12:28,747 FOR ITS JOURNEY TO SPACE. 460 00:12:28,747 --> 00:12:30,015 >> MY NAME IS SHAILEN DESAI. 461 00:12:30,015 --> 00:12:31,817 >> MY NAME IS PARAG VAZE. 462 00:12:31,817 --> 00:12:32,852 >> MY NAME IS BEN HAMLINGTON 463 00:12:32,852 --> 00:12:33,452 AND I'M STUDYING 464 00:12:33,452 --> 00:12:34,787 SEA LEVEL RISE FROM SPACE. 465 00:12:34,787 --> 00:12:35,721 >> WE'RE LOOKING AT 466 00:12:35,721 --> 00:12:36,755 A ONE-THIRD REPLICA 467 00:12:36,755 --> 00:12:38,157 OF THE SENTINEL-6 468 00:12:38,157 --> 00:12:39,458 MICHAEL FREILICH SATELLITE. 469 00:12:39,458 --> 00:12:40,192 >> SENTINEL-6 470 00:12:40,192 --> 00:12:41,594 IS ALL ABOUT WATER. 471 00:12:41,594 --> 00:12:42,561 >> THIS SORT OF TOP HALF 472 00:12:42,561 --> 00:12:44,230 OF THE SATELLITE HOUSES 473 00:12:44,230 --> 00:12:45,397 THE MAIN INSTRUMENTS. 474 00:12:45,397 --> 00:12:46,165 >> WE HAVE WE THE ALTIMETER, 475 00:12:46,165 --> 00:12:47,733 WE HAVE THE RADIOMETER. 476 00:12:47,733 --> 00:12:48,567 >> SENTINEL-6 IS A 477 00:12:48,567 --> 00:12:50,536 COLLABORATION WITH NASA, 478 00:12:50,536 --> 00:12:52,638 NOAA, THE EUROPEAN SPACE AGENCY, 479 00:12:52,638 --> 00:12:54,440 AND-AND ALSO EUMETSAT 480 00:12:54,440 --> 00:12:56,308 IN EUROPE TO MEASURE SEA LEVEL. 481 00:12:56,308 --> 00:12:57,143 >> AND IT'S SPECIFICALLY 482 00:12:57,143 --> 00:12:58,377 CAPTURING THE HEIGHT 483 00:12:58,377 --> 00:12:59,345 OF THE OCEAN. 484 00:12:59,345 --> 00:13:00,546 >> THE SATELLITE IS ACTUALLY 485 00:13:00,546 --> 00:13:02,081 EMITTING A-A SIGNAL. 486 00:13:02,081 --> 00:13:02,581 >> AND THAT SIGNAL 487 00:13:02,581 --> 00:13:03,382 IS BOUNCING BACK. 488 00:13:03,382 --> 00:13:04,049 >> IT MEASURES THE TIME 489 00:13:04,049 --> 00:13:04,783 IT TAKES FOR THAT PULSE 490 00:13:04,783 --> 00:13:05,351 TO GET BACK. 491 00:13:05,351 --> 00:13:06,385 >> SO WE'VE BEEN MEASURING 492 00:13:06,385 --> 00:13:07,253 THE HEIGHT OF THE OCEAN 493 00:13:07,253 --> 00:13:07,953 SINCE THE BEGINNING 494 00:13:07,953 --> 00:13:08,954 OF THE '90s. 495 00:13:08,954 --> 00:13:09,622 >> I'VE WORKED ON 496 00:13:09,622 --> 00:13:11,056 TOPEX/POSEIDON, JASON 1, 497 00:13:11,056 --> 00:13:12,725 JASON 2, JASON 3. 498 00:13:12,725 --> 00:13:13,626 >> WE REALLY NEED THAT 499 00:13:13,626 --> 00:13:15,528 LONG DURATION OBSERVATION. 500 00:13:15,528 --> 00:13:16,428 >> AND SENTINEL-6 501 00:13:16,428 --> 00:13:17,663 IS GONNA ALLOW US 502 00:13:17,663 --> 00:13:19,198 TO CONTINUE THAT RECORD. 503 00:13:19,198 --> 00:13:19,698 >> SO THAT WE CAN 504 00:13:19,698 --> 00:13:20,566 BETTER PREDICT, 505 00:13:20,566 --> 00:13:21,800 WHAT IS THE RATE OF CHANGE? 506 00:13:21,800 --> 00:13:22,401 WHAT IS IT GONNA 507 00:13:22,401 --> 00:13:23,402 LOOK LIKE IN A YEAR? 508 00:13:23,402 --> 00:13:23,936 FIVE YEARS? 509 00:13:23,936 --> 00:13:24,537 TEN YEARS FROM NOW? 510 00:13:24,537 --> 00:13:25,504 AND SO FORTH. 511 00:13:25,504 --> 00:13:26,305 >> IT'S NOT JUST SCIENTIFIC 512 00:13:26,305 --> 00:13:27,673 CURIOSITY, IT REALLY IMPACTS 513 00:13:27,673 --> 00:13:28,841 THE DAILY LIVES OF PEOPLE 514 00:13:28,841 --> 00:13:29,875 AND THEIR ABILITY TO PLAN 515 00:13:29,875 --> 00:13:30,776 FOR THEIR FUTURE. 516 00:13:30,776 --> 00:13:32,711 >> I SEE PICTURES OF 517 00:13:32,711 --> 00:13:33,812 COASTAL INUNDATION 518 00:13:33,812 --> 00:13:34,780 AND FLOODING. 519 00:13:34,780 --> 00:13:35,514 >> YOU START TO REALIZE 520 00:13:35,514 --> 00:13:36,782 THE IMPORTANCE OF UNDERSTANDING 521 00:13:36,782 --> 00:13:38,117 WHAT SEA LEVEL IS DOING NOW 522 00:13:38,117 --> 00:13:38,851 AND WE CAN USE THAT 523 00:13:38,851 --> 00:13:40,019 UNDERSTANDING TO KNOW 524 00:13:40,019 --> 00:13:40,719 WHAT SEA LEVEL MIGHT BE 525 00:13:40,719 --> 00:13:41,954 DOING IN THE FUTURE. 526 00:13:41,954 --> 00:13:44,190 >> SEEING THAT COME TO FRUITION, 527 00:13:44,190 --> 00:13:46,192 IS A PERSONAL SATISFACTION 528 00:13:46,192 --> 00:13:48,260 AND AN EMOTIONAL SATISFACTION. 529 00:13:48,260 --> 00:13:49,962 >> SCIENTISTS AROUND THE WORLD 530 00:13:49,962 --> 00:13:51,564 ARE USING THIS DATA 531 00:13:51,564 --> 00:13:52,998 TO HELP PEOPLE. 532 00:13:52,998 --> 00:13:54,400 >> THE IMPORTANCE OF THIS 533 00:13:54,400 --> 00:13:56,635 PROJECT AND WHERE IT TOUCHES 534 00:13:56,635 --> 00:13:58,637 IS ON ALL WALKS OF LIFE, 535 00:13:58,637 --> 00:14:00,105 ALL ACROSS THE WORLD. 536 00:14:00,105 --> 00:14:00,806 >> FROM SPACE 537 00:14:00,806 --> 00:14:02,074 IT'S JUST ONE PLANET. 538 00:14:06,812 --> 00:14:07,613 >> SEA LEVEL RISE 539 00:14:07,613 --> 00:14:08,414 IS A DIRECT RESULT 540 00:14:08,414 --> 00:14:09,682 OF CLIMATE CHANGE. 541 00:14:09,682 --> 00:14:11,483 AS OCEAN TEMPERATURES INCREASE, 542 00:14:11,483 --> 00:14:13,452 OUR GLOBAL OCEAN EXPANDS. 543 00:14:13,452 --> 00:14:14,320 AS ICE SHEETS 544 00:14:14,320 --> 00:14:15,454 AND GLACIERS MELT, 545 00:14:15,454 --> 00:14:17,056 THEY ADD MORE WATER. 546 00:14:17,056 --> 00:14:17,957 BUT CLIMATE CHANGE 547 00:14:17,957 --> 00:14:18,824 HAS MANY IMPACTS 548 00:14:18,824 --> 00:14:20,559 BEYOND SEA LEVEL RISE. 549 00:14:20,559 --> 00:14:21,193 WE'RE JOINED BY 550 00:14:21,193 --> 00:14:22,895 DR. IVONA CETINIC, 551 00:14:22,895 --> 00:14:23,929 AN OCEANOGRAPHER 552 00:14:23,929 --> 00:14:25,397 AT THE OCEAN ECOLOGY LAB 553 00:14:25,397 --> 00:14:26,265 AT NASA'S GODDARD 554 00:14:26,265 --> 00:14:27,566 SPACE FLIGHT CENTER. 555 00:14:27,566 --> 00:14:29,902 THANK YOU FOR JOINING US, IVONA. 556 00:14:29,902 --> 00:14:32,037 >> I'M HAPPY TO BE HERE, LAUREN. 557 00:14:32,037 --> 00:14:33,606 >> ALWAYS HAPPY TO HAVE YOU. 558 00:14:33,606 --> 00:14:35,007 SO WE KNOW THAT SEA LEVEL RISE 559 00:14:35,007 --> 00:14:36,075 IS INCREASING THE HEIGHT 560 00:14:36,075 --> 00:14:37,443 OF THE WORLD'S OCEAN, 561 00:14:37,443 --> 00:14:38,477 BUT CAN YOU TELL US ABOUT 562 00:14:38,477 --> 00:14:39,612 SOME OF THE OTHER THINGS 563 00:14:39,612 --> 00:14:40,512 THAT ARE HAPPENING 564 00:14:40,512 --> 00:14:42,948 DUE TO CLIMATE CHANGE? 565 00:14:42,948 --> 00:14:43,782 >> FOR SURE. 566 00:14:43,782 --> 00:14:45,084 SO, OCEAN AND CLIMATE, 567 00:14:45,084 --> 00:14:46,185 THEY'RE VERY INTERLINKED. 568 00:14:46,185 --> 00:14:47,186 UM, OCEAN'S PART OF 569 00:14:47,186 --> 00:14:49,355 THE FOUR SYSTEMS OF EARTH, 570 00:14:49,355 --> 00:14:50,189 AND EACH OF THEM CAN 571 00:14:50,189 --> 00:14:51,156 ALL HAVE A COOL THING 572 00:14:51,156 --> 00:14:51,690 THAT THEY'RE DOING 573 00:14:51,690 --> 00:14:52,658 AND THEY'RE VERY INTERLINKED 574 00:14:52,658 --> 00:14:53,792 THROUGH THE EXCHANGE OF WATER, 575 00:14:53,792 --> 00:14:55,427 CARBON, OR ENERGY, 576 00:14:55,427 --> 00:14:56,295 AND SO IF ONE KIND OF- 577 00:14:56,295 --> 00:14:57,129 KIND OF FAILS, 578 00:14:57,129 --> 00:14:58,297 THE OTHER ONE COMES TO HELP. 579 00:14:58,297 --> 00:14:59,632 AND-AND OCEAN'S HELPING A LOT 580 00:14:59,632 --> 00:15:00,666 AND TRYING TO CONTROL 581 00:15:00,666 --> 00:15:02,134 THE CLIMATE CHANGE, 582 00:15:02,134 --> 00:15:02,801 UH, BUT THERE'S DIFFERENT 583 00:15:02,801 --> 00:15:04,570 ASPECTS OF-OF-- PROCESSES, 584 00:15:04,570 --> 00:15:05,571 DIFFERENT PROCESSES 585 00:15:05,571 --> 00:15:06,105 THAT ARE HAPPENING 586 00:15:06,105 --> 00:15:07,206 IN THE OCEAN THAT WE CAN SEE 587 00:15:07,206 --> 00:15:08,507 AS A RESULT OF CLIMATE CHANGE. 588 00:15:08,507 --> 00:15:09,575 UM, FIRST ONE IS 589 00:15:09,575 --> 00:15:11,110 THE INCREASE IN TEMPERATURE, 590 00:15:11,110 --> 00:15:11,944 BOTH IN THE SEA SURFACE 591 00:15:11,944 --> 00:15:12,611 AND THE INTERNAL PORTION 592 00:15:12,611 --> 00:15:13,445 OF THE OCEAN 593 00:15:13,445 --> 00:15:14,713 ALL AROUND THE WORLD. 594 00:15:14,713 --> 00:15:15,514 THEN WE HAVE DISAPPEARANCE 595 00:15:15,514 --> 00:15:16,782 OF THE SEA ICE, MOSTLY HAPPENING 596 00:15:16,782 --> 00:15:18,450 IN THE ARCTIC REGION. 597 00:15:18,450 --> 00:15:19,818 THEN WE HAVE THE SEA LEVEL RISE 598 00:15:19,818 --> 00:15:20,953 THAT IS IMPACTED BY THESE 599 00:15:20,953 --> 00:15:22,054 TWO PROCESSES THAT I MENTIONED 600 00:15:22,054 --> 00:15:23,656 BEFORE THAT IS SEEN 601 00:15:23,656 --> 00:15:24,923 ALL AROUND THE COAST, 602 00:15:24,923 --> 00:15:26,325 ALL OVER THE OCEAN. 603 00:15:26,325 --> 00:15:27,059 AND ULTIMATELY WE HAVE 604 00:15:27,059 --> 00:15:28,160 OCEANS ACIDIFICATION, 605 00:15:28,160 --> 00:15:28,994 WHICH IS A PROCESS 606 00:15:28,994 --> 00:15:29,962 THAT'S HAPPENING 607 00:15:29,962 --> 00:15:31,096 BECAUSE THE CARBON DIOXIDE 608 00:15:31,096 --> 00:15:32,331 FROM THE ATMOSPHERE IS MELTING 609 00:15:32,331 --> 00:15:33,332 IN THE OCEAN, IT'S CHANGING 610 00:15:33,332 --> 00:15:35,100 THE ACIDITY OF THE OCEAN. 611 00:15:35,100 --> 00:15:36,101 AND ALL THESE THINGS TOGETHER 612 00:15:36,101 --> 00:15:37,069 IN A SENSE ARE 613 00:15:37,069 --> 00:15:38,404 IMPACTING THE WAY 614 00:15:38,404 --> 00:15:39,772 THAT THE PHYSICS, BIOLOGY, 615 00:15:39,772 --> 00:15:40,673 CHEMISTRY, AND GEOLOGY 616 00:15:40,673 --> 00:15:41,573 OF THE WORK- 617 00:15:41,573 --> 00:15:42,708 OF THE OCEAN'S WORKING, 618 00:15:42,708 --> 00:15:43,776 AND THEN ULTIMATELY 619 00:15:43,776 --> 00:15:45,244 IT IMPACTS US. 620 00:15:45,244 --> 00:15:46,345 >> SO WHAT I'M HEARING FROM YOU 621 00:15:46,345 --> 00:15:46,912 IS THAT IT'S A VERY 622 00:15:46,912 --> 00:15:48,847 COMPLICATED SYSTEM. 623 00:15:48,847 --> 00:15:49,581 >> YEAH, AND VERY 624 00:15:49,581 --> 00:15:51,684 INTRICATELY COLLECTED. 625 00:15:51,684 --> 00:15:53,218 >> WOW, YES. 626 00:15:53,218 --> 00:15:54,453 UM, WHAT TO-- 627 00:15:54,453 --> 00:15:55,621 SO I-I THINK ONE THING 628 00:15:55,621 --> 00:15:56,588 THAT PEOPLE MIGHT FIND 629 00:15:56,588 --> 00:15:57,556 SURPRISING IS THAT, 630 00:15:57,556 --> 00:15:58,824 YOU KNOW, NASA HAS 631 00:15:58,824 --> 00:15:59,925 A SUITE OF TOOLS THAT IT USES 632 00:15:59,925 --> 00:16:00,759 TO STUDY THE OCEAN, 633 00:16:00,759 --> 00:16:02,594 AND IT'S NOT JUST SATELLITES. 634 00:16:02,594 --> 00:16:03,762 CAN YOU TELL ABOUT-TELL US 635 00:16:03,762 --> 00:16:04,830 ABOUT SOME OF THOSE TOOLS 636 00:16:04,830 --> 00:16:05,931 THAT WE USE TO MONITOR 637 00:16:05,931 --> 00:16:08,133 THE OCEAN ECOSYSTEMS? 638 00:16:08,133 --> 00:16:09,168 >> FOR SURE. 639 00:16:09,168 --> 00:16:10,202 UM, SO AS AN OCEANOGRAPHER 640 00:16:10,202 --> 00:16:11,270 WORKING AT NASA, I ALWAYS GET, 641 00:16:11,270 --> 00:16:12,504 "LIKE, WHAT?" YOU KNOW, 642 00:16:12,504 --> 00:16:13,472 [ CHUCKLING ] >> YES. 643 00:16:13,472 --> 00:16:14,373 BUT NASA DOES STUDY EARTH, 644 00:16:14,373 --> 00:16:16,275 AND NASA DOES STUDY OCEANS. 645 00:16:16,275 --> 00:16:17,643 SO FIRST WE HAVE SATELLITES, 646 00:16:17,643 --> 00:16:18,877 UM, AND THERE'S THIS WHOLE 647 00:16:18,877 --> 00:16:20,312 FLEET OF NASA EARTH-OBSERVING 648 00:16:20,312 --> 00:16:21,180 SATELLITES AND SOME OF THEM 649 00:16:21,180 --> 00:16:22,214 ARE ACTUALLY LOOKING 650 00:16:22,214 --> 00:16:23,315 SPECIFICALLY AT THE OCEAN 651 00:16:23,315 --> 00:16:24,450 AND GIVING US THIS CONTINUOUS 652 00:16:24,450 --> 00:16:26,051 AND OPTIC VIEW OF THE OCEAN- 653 00:16:26,051 --> 00:16:27,619 OCEAN'S BEHAVIOR IN A SENSE. 654 00:16:27,619 --> 00:16:28,654 YOU KNOW, IT TALKS ABOUT 655 00:16:28,654 --> 00:16:29,588 PHYSICS, THE TEMPERATURE, 656 00:16:29,588 --> 00:16:30,789 OR BIOLOGY. 657 00:16:30,789 --> 00:16:33,225 UM, AND BIOLOGY IS REALLY COOL 658 00:16:33,225 --> 00:16:34,026 BECAUSE THE STYLE LOOKS 659 00:16:34,026 --> 00:16:35,094 AT THESE TEENY, 660 00:16:35,094 --> 00:16:36,829 TINY PHYTOPLANKTON, 661 00:16:36,829 --> 00:16:37,596 WHICH ARE LIKE TEENY TINY 662 00:16:37,596 --> 00:16:38,530 PLANT-LIKE ORGANISMS 663 00:16:38,530 --> 00:16:39,398 IN THE OCEAN. 664 00:16:39,398 --> 00:16:40,399 AND I'M WORKING ON ONE 665 00:16:40,399 --> 00:16:41,500 OF THESE MISSIONS, UM, 666 00:16:41,500 --> 00:16:42,167 THAT'S GONNA BE LAUNCHED 667 00:16:42,167 --> 00:16:43,068 IN A COUPLE YEARS, 668 00:16:43,068 --> 00:16:44,536 CALLED PACE, 669 00:16:44,536 --> 00:16:46,238 WHICH STAND FOR PLANKTON, 670 00:16:46,238 --> 00:16:48,073 AEROSOL, CLOUD, OCEAN ECOSYSTEM, 671 00:16:48,073 --> 00:16:49,608 AND THAT ONE AMONG OTHER THINGS 672 00:16:49,608 --> 00:16:50,843 WILL LOOK AT THE DIVERSITY 673 00:16:50,843 --> 00:16:52,177 OF THAT PHYTOPLANKTON, 674 00:16:52,177 --> 00:16:53,679 THESE TEENY TINY CREATURES. 675 00:16:53,679 --> 00:16:54,680 SO YOU HAVE THE SATELLITE, 676 00:16:54,680 --> 00:16:56,682 AND THEN WE GO ON FIELD. 677 00:16:56,682 --> 00:16:58,550 WE USE AIRCRAFTS, WE USE, 678 00:16:58,550 --> 00:17:00,018 UM, RESEARCH VESSELS, 679 00:17:00,018 --> 00:17:02,388 WE USE, UM, MOORINGS, 680 00:17:02,388 --> 00:17:03,989 ROBOTS, FIELD STATIONS 681 00:17:03,989 --> 00:17:05,324 TO KIND OF FOCUS ON 682 00:17:05,324 --> 00:17:06,492 SPECIFIC QUESTIONS, 683 00:17:06,492 --> 00:17:07,893 SPECIFIC AREAS. 684 00:17:07,893 --> 00:17:08,660 AND THEN ULTIMATELY 685 00:17:08,660 --> 00:17:09,528 WE TAKE ALL THAT DATA 686 00:17:09,528 --> 00:17:11,196 AND PLUG IT INTO THE MODELS, 687 00:17:11,196 --> 00:17:12,164 UH, SUCH AS BIG EARTH SYSTEM 688 00:17:12,164 --> 00:17:13,332 MODELS THAT CAN REALLY 689 00:17:13,332 --> 00:17:14,266 ALLOW US TO UNDERSTAND 690 00:17:14,266 --> 00:17:15,167 THIS INTERACTION BETWEEN 691 00:17:15,167 --> 00:17:16,101 THE OCEAN AND CLIMATE, 692 00:17:16,101 --> 00:17:17,569 OCEAN ECOSYSTEMS AND CLIMATE, 693 00:17:17,569 --> 00:17:19,505 AND THEN ACTUALLY PREDICT 694 00:17:19,505 --> 00:17:20,139 WHAT'S GONNA HAPPEN 695 00:17:20,139 --> 00:17:21,039 WITH THE OCEAN ECOSYSTEMS 696 00:17:21,039 --> 00:17:22,975 OF TOMORROW. 697 00:17:22,975 --> 00:17:24,176 >> WOW, THAT'S AMAZING. 698 00:17:24,176 --> 00:17:25,244 I LOVE THAT-THAT VISION 699 00:17:25,244 --> 00:17:26,745 OF SEEING, YOU KNOW, 700 00:17:26,745 --> 00:17:28,180 PLANES IN THE SKY, SATELLITES, 701 00:17:28,180 --> 00:17:29,748 BOATS ON THE WATER, EVERYTHING. 702 00:17:29,748 --> 00:17:30,616 >> YEAH, EVERYTHING 703 00:17:30,616 --> 00:17:31,750 COMES TOGETHER. 704 00:17:31,750 --> 00:17:32,785 >> YOU'VE GOT THE WHOLE SUITE. 705 00:17:32,785 --> 00:17:33,685 EXACTLY. 706 00:17:33,685 --> 00:17:34,520 >> YEAH, IT'S-IT'S 707 00:17:34,520 --> 00:17:35,387 PRETTY AWESOME. 708 00:17:35,387 --> 00:17:36,388 >> IT'S AMAZING. 709 00:17:36,388 --> 00:17:37,322 UM, YOU KNOW, I WANNA DIG 710 00:17:37,322 --> 00:17:38,390 INTO THAT A LITTLE BIT DEEPER. 711 00:17:38,390 --> 00:17:39,458 WHAT CHANGES ARE WE SEEING, 712 00:17:39,458 --> 00:17:40,526 UH, TO OCEAN ECOSYSTEMS 713 00:17:40,526 --> 00:17:41,560 DUE TO CLIMATE CHANGE? 714 00:17:41,560 --> 00:17:42,327 THIS SOUNDS LIKE IT'S SOMETHING 715 00:17:42,327 --> 00:17:43,128 THAT'S KIND OF 716 00:17:43,128 --> 00:17:44,797 IN YOUR WHEELHOUSE. 717 00:17:44,797 --> 00:17:46,098 >> YES, SO, UH, WE KNOW 718 00:17:46,098 --> 00:17:47,433 WHEN-WHEN YOU-YOU MENTION 719 00:17:47,433 --> 00:17:48,467 SEA LEVEL RISE 720 00:17:48,467 --> 00:17:49,401 AND-AND THAT'S THE FIRST THING 721 00:17:49,401 --> 00:17:50,469 THAT PEOPLE THINK ABOUT, 722 00:17:50,469 --> 00:17:51,437 UM, CHANGING OCEANS, 723 00:17:51,437 --> 00:17:52,971 AND THAT'S FELT ALONG THE COAST, 724 00:17:52,971 --> 00:17:54,206 YOU KNOW, LIKE 40% OF THE PEOPLE 725 00:17:54,206 --> 00:17:55,040 IN THE U.S. LIVE ALONG 726 00:17:55,040 --> 00:17:55,908 THE COAST AND THAT'S WHERE 727 00:17:55,908 --> 00:17:56,708 YOU FEEL IT THE MOST. 728 00:17:56,708 --> 00:17:58,844 BUT OCEAN HAS ECOSYSTEMS, 729 00:17:58,844 --> 00:18:00,145 AND ALL THESE ECOSYSTEMS, 730 00:18:00,145 --> 00:18:01,680 ALTHOUGH HIDDEN FROM OUR EYES, 731 00:18:01,680 --> 00:18:03,115 UM, THEY'RE THERE IN THE PRESENT 732 00:18:03,115 --> 00:18:04,049 AND THEY'RE CHANGING. 733 00:18:04,049 --> 00:18:05,584 SO, THANKS TO THE NASA 734 00:18:05,584 --> 00:18:06,685 EARTH OBSERVING SATELLITES 735 00:18:06,685 --> 00:18:07,653 WE CAN SEE THOSE CHANGES. 736 00:18:07,653 --> 00:18:08,687 FOR EXAMPLE, 737 00:18:08,687 --> 00:18:09,822 THIS IS PORTIONS OF THE EARTH 738 00:18:09,822 --> 00:18:11,857 THAT WE CALL OCEANIC DESERTS, 739 00:18:11,857 --> 00:18:12,658 WHERE THE NUMBER 740 00:18:12,658 --> 00:18:13,692 OF THE PHYTOPLANKTON 741 00:18:13,692 --> 00:18:14,726 ARE REALLY LOW, 742 00:18:14,726 --> 00:18:15,727 AND THEY'RE ACTUALLY EXTENDING 743 00:18:15,727 --> 00:18:17,696 OVER THE LAST DECADE OR SO. 744 00:18:17,696 --> 00:18:18,564 SO, WE KNOW THAT. 745 00:18:18,564 --> 00:18:19,565 UM, THEN WE GO BACK 746 00:18:19,565 --> 00:18:20,532 TO THE-THE FIELD 747 00:18:20,532 --> 00:18:22,167 AND-AND WE USE VESSELS. 748 00:18:22,167 --> 00:18:23,836 AND WE SEE THAT THE TYPES 749 00:18:23,836 --> 00:18:24,837 OF PHYTOPLANKTON 750 00:18:24,837 --> 00:18:25,704 IN THESE ECOSYSTEMS 751 00:18:25,704 --> 00:18:26,572 ARE CHANGING, 752 00:18:26,572 --> 00:18:27,506 SOME OF THEM ARE ACTUALLY 753 00:18:27,506 --> 00:18:28,407 MOVING POLEWARDS, 754 00:18:28,407 --> 00:18:29,208 KIND OF LIKE TOWARDS, 755 00:18:29,208 --> 00:18:30,409 LET'S SAY NORTH, 756 00:18:30,409 --> 00:18:31,443 AND SO NOW, YOU KNOW, 757 00:18:31,443 --> 00:18:32,411 HOW DOES IT AFFECT YOU? 758 00:18:32,411 --> 00:18:33,178 I'M LIKE, YOU KNOW, 759 00:18:33,178 --> 00:18:33,879 YOU LIVE ON A COAST, 760 00:18:33,879 --> 00:18:35,113 YOU DON'T CARE ABOUT OPEN OCEAN. 761 00:18:35,113 --> 00:18:37,115 WELL, THAT PHYTOPLANKTON 762 00:18:37,115 --> 00:18:38,350 IS FOOD FOR SOMETHING, 763 00:18:38,350 --> 00:18:39,084 IT'S ACTUALLY FOOD FOR 764 00:18:39,084 --> 00:18:40,185 EVERYTHING IN THE OCEAN, 765 00:18:40,185 --> 00:18:41,320 IT'S FOOD FOR THE FISH 766 00:18:41,320 --> 00:18:41,920 THAT WILL ULTIMATELY 767 00:18:41,920 --> 00:18:43,622 END ON YOUR PLATE. 768 00:18:43,622 --> 00:18:44,857 SO, UM, THESE CHANGES 769 00:18:44,857 --> 00:18:46,091 IN THE ECOSYSTEM, 770 00:18:46,091 --> 00:18:46,658 ALTHOUGH YOU'RE NOT 771 00:18:46,658 --> 00:18:47,559 IN A COASTAL AREA, 772 00:18:47,559 --> 00:18:48,727 WILL EVENTUALLY AFFECT 773 00:18:48,727 --> 00:18:50,262 EVERYBODY ON EARTH. 774 00:18:51,430 --> 00:18:52,231 >> YEAH, EVERYTHING'S 775 00:18:52,231 --> 00:18:53,165 ABOUT YOU, RIGHT? YOU KNOW? 776 00:18:53,165 --> 00:18:53,932 >> EXACTLY, YUP. 777 00:18:53,932 --> 00:18:55,234 >> THAT'S, UH, THAT'S KIND OF 778 00:18:55,234 --> 00:18:57,503 A-A HARD AND FAST RULE. 779 00:18:57,503 --> 00:18:58,437 UM, YOU KNOW, 780 00:18:58,437 --> 00:18:59,972 SO WHAT I, YOU KNOW, 781 00:18:59,972 --> 00:19:01,073 WHAT-WHAT STRIKES ME, IVONA, 782 00:19:01,073 --> 00:19:02,808 IS THAT, UM, A LOT OF THIS NEWS 783 00:19:02,808 --> 00:19:04,610 IS-IS KIND OF DISCOURAGING. 784 00:19:04,610 --> 00:19:06,745 YOU WORK WITH DATA THAT, UM, 785 00:19:06,745 --> 00:19:09,615 IS, UM, CAN BE VERY DARK. 786 00:19:09,615 --> 00:19:11,483 WHAT DO YOU DO-- 787 00:19:11,483 --> 00:19:12,384 WHY DO YOU CONTINUE 788 00:19:12,384 --> 00:19:13,485 DOING THIS WORK, YOU KNOW, 789 00:19:13,485 --> 00:19:14,786 WHEN-WHEN THE NEWS 790 00:19:14,786 --> 00:19:16,188 THAT YOU'RE GETTING CONSTANTLY 791 00:19:16,188 --> 00:19:19,157 IS UNHAPPY OFTEN? 792 00:19:19,157 --> 00:19:20,192 >> YEAH, SO YOU KNOW, 793 00:19:20,192 --> 00:19:21,393 YOU GET LOTS OF DATA 794 00:19:21,393 --> 00:19:22,427 WHEN YOU'RE WORKING AT NASA, 795 00:19:22,427 --> 00:19:23,228 AND YOU'RE SURROUNDED 796 00:19:23,228 --> 00:19:24,296 BY AMAZING SCIENTISTS 797 00:19:24,296 --> 00:19:25,430 WHO KNOW MUCH MORE THAN I DO. 798 00:19:25,430 --> 00:19:26,465 UM, AND ALL THAT STUFF 799 00:19:26,465 --> 00:19:27,933 IS DISCOURAGING, DEFINITELY, 800 00:19:27,933 --> 00:19:29,668 BUT-BUT THERE'S TWO REASONS 801 00:19:29,668 --> 00:19:30,636 WHY I KEEP ON DOING IT. 802 00:19:30,636 --> 00:19:32,504 FIRST, THIS IS OUR HOME, 803 00:19:32,504 --> 00:19:33,839 THIS IS THE ONLY HOME WE HAVE, 804 00:19:33,839 --> 00:19:34,706 THERE'S NO OTHER PLANET 805 00:19:34,706 --> 00:19:35,641 THAT WE KNOW OF 806 00:19:35,641 --> 00:19:36,775 THAT CONTAINS LIFE 807 00:19:36,775 --> 00:19:37,776 OR ON WHICH WE CAN LIVE. 808 00:19:37,776 --> 00:19:38,911 >> THAT IS TRUE. 809 00:19:38,911 --> 00:19:39,845 >> EXACTLY, AND-AND 810 00:19:39,845 --> 00:19:40,879 THE SECOND THING, 811 00:19:40,879 --> 00:19:41,813 I DO HAVE A TEENY TINY 812 00:19:41,813 --> 00:19:43,882 BIT OF HOPE IN HUMANITY 813 00:19:43,882 --> 00:19:44,850 THAT WILL CHANGE ITS WAYS 814 00:19:44,850 --> 00:19:46,084 AND, YOU KNOW, KIND OF LIKE 815 00:19:46,084 --> 00:19:47,953 PROBABLY, HOPEFULLY, 816 00:19:47,953 --> 00:19:49,955 UM, CHANGE THE PATH 817 00:19:49,955 --> 00:19:51,290 THAT WE'RE CURRENTLY TAKING 818 00:19:51,290 --> 00:19:51,990 IN REGARDS TO 819 00:19:51,990 --> 00:19:53,659 THE CLIMATE CHANGE. 820 00:19:53,659 --> 00:19:55,027 >> UH, YEAH, I THINK WE ALL 821 00:19:55,027 --> 00:19:55,861 ARE HOLDING ON TO THAT 822 00:19:55,861 --> 00:19:56,695 SPARK OF HOPE AND THAT'S WHY 823 00:19:56,695 --> 00:19:58,163 WE DO WHAT WE DO. 824 00:19:58,163 --> 00:19:59,398 UM, BUT THANK YOU SO MUCH 825 00:19:59,398 --> 00:20:00,332 FOR JOINING US, IVONA, 826 00:20:00,332 --> 00:20:02,100 WE LOVED HAVING YOU. 827 00:20:02,100 --> 00:20:04,836 >> I'M SUPER HAPPY TO BE HERE. 828 00:20:04,836 --> 00:20:06,004 >> REAL WORLD IMPACTS 829 00:20:06,004 --> 00:20:07,039 OF OUR RISING OCEANS 830 00:20:07,039 --> 00:20:08,106 CAN BE SEEN IN COASTAL 831 00:20:08,106 --> 00:20:08,874 COMMUNITIES LIKE 832 00:20:08,874 --> 00:20:10,108 THE HAMPTON ROADS REGION 833 00:20:10,108 --> 00:20:11,944 IN SOUTHEAST VIRGINIA. 834 00:20:11,944 --> 00:20:12,911 LET'S TAKE A LOOK TO SEE 835 00:20:12,911 --> 00:20:14,112 HOW SEA LEVEL RISE 836 00:20:14,112 --> 00:20:15,180 IS DIRECTLY AFFECTING 837 00:20:15,180 --> 00:20:16,081 THEIR COMMUNITY, 838 00:20:16,081 --> 00:20:17,816 AND HOW THEY ARE USING NASA DATA 839 00:20:17,816 --> 00:20:20,419 TO HELP FORECAST FUTURE IMPACTS. 840 00:20:20,419 --> 00:20:21,219 >> SEA LEVEL RISE IS 841 00:20:21,219 --> 00:20:22,220 A MEASURABLE DIFFERENCE 842 00:20:22,220 --> 00:20:23,755 IN WATER LEVEL OVER TIME 843 00:20:23,755 --> 00:20:24,856 AND DIRECTLY CONTRIBUTING 844 00:20:24,856 --> 00:20:25,791 TO THAT IS, OF COURSE, 845 00:20:25,791 --> 00:20:26,858 CLIMATE CHANGE. 846 00:20:26,858 --> 00:20:28,226 SO, AS THE TEMPERATURES RISE, 847 00:20:28,226 --> 00:20:29,861 POLAR ICECAPS MELT, 848 00:20:29,861 --> 00:20:30,829 AND SLOWLY THE WATER LEVEL 849 00:20:30,829 --> 00:20:33,432 RISES THROUGHOUT THE GLOBE. 850 00:20:33,432 --> 00:20:34,666 AND THERE ARE LOCALIZED IMPACTS 851 00:20:34,666 --> 00:20:35,901 OF SEA LEVEL RISE. 852 00:20:35,901 --> 00:20:37,436 >> IN HAMPTON ROADS WE ARE 853 00:20:37,436 --> 00:20:38,370 PARTICULARLY VULNERABLE 854 00:20:38,370 --> 00:20:40,672 TO, UH, COASTAL FLOODING. 855 00:20:40,672 --> 00:20:41,573 >> THE HAMPTON ROADS REGION 856 00:20:41,573 --> 00:20:43,141 OF VIRGINIA IS THE SECOND 857 00:20:43,141 --> 00:20:44,176 MOST HEAVILY IMPACTED 858 00:20:44,176 --> 00:20:45,844 REGION IN THE UNITED STATES 859 00:20:45,844 --> 00:20:46,578 WHEN WE TALK ABOUT 860 00:20:46,578 --> 00:20:47,412 SEA LEVEL RISE, 861 00:20:47,412 --> 00:20:48,914 AFTER OF COURSE, NEW ORLEANS. 862 00:20:48,914 --> 00:20:49,681 >> WE'RE STANDING HERE 863 00:20:49,681 --> 00:20:50,782 AT THE HAGUE PART 864 00:20:50,782 --> 00:20:51,650 OF NORFOLK, VIRGINIA, 865 00:20:51,650 --> 00:20:52,985 WHICH IS IN THE MOUTH 866 00:20:52,985 --> 00:20:53,819 OF THE CHESAPEAKE BAY 867 00:20:53,819 --> 00:20:55,354 IN SOUTHEAST VIRGINIA. 868 00:20:55,354 --> 00:20:56,555 THIS AREA WILL SEE 869 00:20:56,555 --> 00:20:57,956 WHAT WE CALL BLUE SKY FLOODING 870 00:20:57,956 --> 00:20:58,790 QUITE REGULARLY. 871 00:20:58,790 --> 00:20:59,591 WHERE THERE'S-THERE'S 872 00:20:59,591 --> 00:21:00,626 NO STORM EVENT. 873 00:21:00,626 --> 00:21:01,927 AND SO THIS WATER COMES UP 874 00:21:01,927 --> 00:21:03,629 OVER ON TO THIS SIDE, 875 00:21:03,629 --> 00:21:05,063 WATER REACHES THE BULKHEAD, 876 00:21:05,063 --> 00:21:06,632 FLOODS THE AREA AROUND IT, 877 00:21:06,632 --> 00:21:08,400 AND THE ROAD BEHIND ME AS WELL. 878 00:21:08,400 --> 00:21:09,434 >> A LOT OF MY RESEARCH 879 00:21:09,434 --> 00:21:10,302 AT THE VIRGINIA INSTITUTE 880 00:21:10,302 --> 00:21:11,470 OF MARINE SCIENCE 881 00:21:11,470 --> 00:21:12,671 INVOLVES THE DEVELOPMENT 882 00:21:12,671 --> 00:21:13,605 OF PHYSICS-BASED 883 00:21:13,605 --> 00:21:15,407 HYDRODYNAMIC MODELS. 884 00:21:15,407 --> 00:21:16,508 THESE MODELS TELL US 885 00:21:16,508 --> 00:21:17,342 WHERE FLOODING'S GONNA 886 00:21:17,342 --> 00:21:18,510 HAPPEN BEFORE IT DOES, 887 00:21:18,510 --> 00:21:19,978 WHEN, AND FOR HOW LONG. 888 00:21:19,978 --> 00:21:21,313 YOU'LL SEE ALL THESE INDIVIDUAL 889 00:21:21,313 --> 00:21:22,214 STRUCTURES HERE, 890 00:21:22,214 --> 00:21:23,015 MOST OF THEM, YOU KNOW, 891 00:21:23,015 --> 00:21:25,050 THE WATERFRONT ARE INUNDATED. 892 00:21:25,050 --> 00:21:26,284 THE INFORMATION PROVIDED 893 00:21:26,284 --> 00:21:27,486 BY NASA SATELLITES, 894 00:21:27,486 --> 00:21:28,420 MOSTLY ALLOWS US 895 00:21:28,420 --> 00:21:29,755 TO VALIDATE THE ACCURACY 896 00:21:29,755 --> 00:21:30,689 OF OUR MODEL IN TERMS OF 897 00:21:30,689 --> 00:21:32,224 TELLING US WHERE THE FLOODING 898 00:21:32,224 --> 00:21:34,159 ACTUALLY HAPPENED FROM SPACE. 899 00:21:34,159 --> 00:21:35,060 >> THE MAPS THAT COME OUT 900 00:21:35,060 --> 00:21:36,395 OF THE MODELS ARE REALLY USEFUL 901 00:21:36,395 --> 00:21:37,663 AT SHOWING THE DEPTH OF WATER 902 00:21:37,663 --> 00:21:38,463 THROUGHOUT THE CITY 903 00:21:38,463 --> 00:21:39,364 AT THE STREET LEVEL 904 00:21:39,364 --> 00:21:40,532 SO THAT WE CAN, YOU KNOW, 905 00:21:40,532 --> 00:21:41,800 JUST MAKE BETTER DATA-DRIVEN 906 00:21:41,800 --> 00:21:43,268 DECISIONS AROUND THE CITY. 907 00:21:43,268 --> 00:21:44,670 >> THESE ARE TWO STANDARD 908 00:21:44,670 --> 00:21:46,104 ACTIVE REMOTE SENSORS. 909 00:21:46,104 --> 00:21:47,039 >> THIS IS AN EXAMPLE 910 00:21:47,039 --> 00:21:48,507 OF A PRESSURE TRANSDUCER 911 00:21:48,507 --> 00:21:49,808 WATER SENSOR 912 00:21:49,808 --> 00:21:50,876 AND WHAT WE'VE BEEN TRYING 913 00:21:50,876 --> 00:21:52,344 TO DO IS COMPARE DATA 914 00:21:52,344 --> 00:21:53,979 LIKE NASA SATELLITE IMAGERY 915 00:21:53,979 --> 00:21:55,414 TO SEE HOW IT COMPARES 916 00:21:55,414 --> 00:21:56,481 TO THE-THE ACCURACY 917 00:21:56,481 --> 00:21:57,049 THAT WE'RE GETTING 918 00:21:57,049 --> 00:21:57,983 AT THE STREET LEVEL. 919 00:21:57,983 --> 00:21:59,051 SO WHEN YOU PUT IT ALL TOGETHER 920 00:21:59,051 --> 00:22:00,318 IT'S VERY VALUABLE. 921 00:22:00,318 --> 00:22:01,553 >> ONE OF THE MAIN APPLICATIONS 922 00:22:01,553 --> 00:22:02,754 IS REALLY TRYING TO SEE, 923 00:22:02,754 --> 00:22:04,523 UH, BEFORE THESE EVENTS HAPPEN 924 00:22:04,523 --> 00:22:05,590 WHERE IS GONNA BE THE PROBLEM 925 00:22:05,590 --> 00:22:07,225 AREAS IN OUR COMMUNITIES. 926 00:22:07,225 --> 00:22:08,126 >> DETERMINE WHAT ROADS 927 00:22:08,126 --> 00:22:09,127 NEED TO BE CLOSED 928 00:22:09,127 --> 00:22:09,761 OR INTERSECTIONS 929 00:22:09,761 --> 00:22:11,129 NEED TO BE CLOSED WHEN. 930 00:22:11,129 --> 00:22:12,097 >> WHERE THESE PROJECTS 931 00:22:12,097 --> 00:22:13,231 SHOULD BE PERMITTED, 932 00:22:13,231 --> 00:22:14,566 WILL THIS BUILDING LAST 933 00:22:14,566 --> 00:22:15,767 THE THIRTY-YEAR LIFE 934 00:22:15,767 --> 00:22:17,436 OF A STANDARD MORTGAGE? 935 00:22:17,436 --> 00:22:18,170 OUR MODELS, 936 00:22:18,170 --> 00:22:19,571 AS A REPRESENTATION OF REALITY, 937 00:22:19,571 --> 00:22:20,472 HAVE TO BE AS ACCURATE 938 00:22:20,472 --> 00:22:21,339 AS POSSIBLE. 939 00:22:21,339 --> 00:22:22,474 THE ADDITIONAL INFORMATION 940 00:22:22,474 --> 00:22:23,508 FROM THE NASA SATELLITES, 941 00:22:23,508 --> 00:22:24,810 LANDSAT, ASTRO, 942 00:22:24,810 --> 00:22:26,011 AND LOTUS REALLY HELPS US 943 00:22:26,011 --> 00:22:27,546 CALIBRATE OUR MODEL. 944 00:22:27,546 --> 00:22:29,014 >> HAVING THAT REGIONAL WATER 945 00:22:29,014 --> 00:22:30,549 DEPTH MAP REALLY HELPS US 946 00:22:30,549 --> 00:22:31,950 KIND OF HAVE AN UNDERSTANDING 947 00:22:31,950 --> 00:22:33,118 WHAT THE FUTURE DAY TO DAY 948 00:22:33,118 --> 00:22:34,152 LOOKS LIKE IN NORFOLK 949 00:22:34,152 --> 00:22:35,353 WITH SEA LEVEL RISE. 950 00:22:35,353 --> 00:22:36,354 >> IT'S A BETTER UNDERSTANDING, 951 00:22:36,354 --> 00:22:37,255 SEA LEVEL RISE 952 00:22:37,255 --> 00:22:38,390 WILL HELP YOU DECIDE 953 00:22:38,390 --> 00:22:39,357 THE PLACES WHERE YOU MAY WISH 954 00:22:39,357 --> 00:22:40,392 TO WORK OR LIVE 955 00:22:40,392 --> 00:22:41,393 IN THE NEAR FUTURE. 956 00:22:41,393 --> 00:22:42,327 IT ALSO HELPS YOU BETTER 957 00:22:42,327 --> 00:22:43,395 UNDERSTAND SPECIFICALLY 958 00:22:43,395 --> 00:22:44,996 WHAT YOUR RISK IS, UH, 959 00:22:44,996 --> 00:22:46,498 INHERENT NOT JUST WITH FLOODING 960 00:22:46,498 --> 00:22:47,566 BUT ALSO WITH THE CHANGES 961 00:22:47,566 --> 00:22:48,967 TO OUR CLIMATE AS OUR WORLD 962 00:22:48,967 --> 00:22:50,235 CONTINUES TO CHANGE, 963 00:22:50,235 --> 00:22:53,405 EITHER FOR THE BETTER OR WORSE. 964 00:22:53,405 --> 00:22:53,972 >> FROM THE VANTAGE 965 00:22:53,972 --> 00:22:55,207 POINT OF SPACE, 966 00:22:55,207 --> 00:22:56,441 WE ARE ABLE TO MONITOR 967 00:22:56,441 --> 00:22:57,476 AND SEE CHANGES ACROSS 968 00:22:57,476 --> 00:22:59,177 OUR PLANET AND COMPARE 969 00:22:59,177 --> 00:23:00,645 DATA OVER TIME. 970 00:23:00,645 --> 00:23:01,480 JOINING US NOW 971 00:23:01,480 --> 00:23:03,281 IS DR. NACER CHAHAT, 972 00:23:03,281 --> 00:23:04,583 SWOT PAYLOAD SYSTEMS 973 00:23:04,583 --> 00:23:05,383 ENGINEER LEAD 974 00:23:05,383 --> 00:23:06,318 WHO'S GOING TO TELL US MORE 975 00:23:06,318 --> 00:23:07,753 ABOUT HOW WE STUDY OCEANS 976 00:23:07,753 --> 00:23:08,887 FROM SPACE. 977 00:23:08,887 --> 00:23:10,589 THANK YOU FOR JOINING US. 978 00:23:10,589 --> 00:23:12,324 >> THANK YOU FOR HAVING ME. 979 00:23:12,324 --> 00:23:13,759 >> IT'S A PLEASURE TO HAVE YOU. 980 00:23:13,759 --> 00:23:15,494 SO, UH, LET'S GET INTO IT. 981 00:23:15,494 --> 00:23:16,695 WE KNOW THAT NASA USES 982 00:23:16,695 --> 00:23:18,630 SATELLITES TO STUDY OUR PLANET, 983 00:23:18,630 --> 00:23:19,631 UM, BUT COULD YOU GIVE US 984 00:23:19,631 --> 00:23:20,565 A BETTER IDEA 985 00:23:20,565 --> 00:23:21,600 OF HOW THESE SPACECRAFT 986 00:23:21,600 --> 00:23:23,769 ACTUALLY WORK, SPECIFICALLY, 987 00:23:23,769 --> 00:23:27,105 UH, SENTINEL-6 MICHAEL FREILICH? 988 00:23:27,105 --> 00:23:27,606 >> YEAH, SO NASA 989 00:23:27,606 --> 00:23:29,407 HAS A WIDE RANGE OF, UH, 990 00:23:29,407 --> 00:23:30,575 EARTH SCIENCE SATELLITES 991 00:23:30,575 --> 00:23:31,977 THAT ACTUALLY STUDY EARTH 992 00:23:31,977 --> 00:23:33,311 IN VERY DIFFERENT WAYS. 993 00:23:33,311 --> 00:23:34,012 >> RIGHT. 994 00:23:34,012 --> 00:23:34,646 >> UH, BUT FIRST I WOULD 995 00:23:34,646 --> 00:23:35,614 LIKE TO START BY SAYING 996 00:23:35,614 --> 00:23:36,581 THAT WE ARE NOT RELYING 997 00:23:36,581 --> 00:23:37,883 ON OPTICAL MEASUREMENTS 998 00:23:37,883 --> 00:23:38,884 BECAUSE THEY CAN BE IMPAIRED 999 00:23:38,884 --> 00:23:40,986 BY THE WEATHER CONDITIONS 1000 00:23:40,986 --> 00:23:42,354 OR EVEN BY CLOUDS 1001 00:23:42,354 --> 00:23:43,622 OR WHETHER WE'RE 1002 00:23:43,622 --> 00:23:44,790 IN THE DAY OR NIGHT. 1003 00:23:44,790 --> 00:23:46,658 SO INSTEAD WE ARE MAINLY USING 1004 00:23:46,658 --> 00:23:48,393 MICROWAVE INSTRUMENTS, 1005 00:23:48,393 --> 00:23:49,427 WHICH ARE NOT BEING 1006 00:23:49,427 --> 00:23:50,829 AFFECTED BY THESE, UH, 1007 00:23:50,829 --> 00:23:52,664 CONDITIONS OR WHETHER, 1008 00:23:52,664 --> 00:23:54,499 UH, IT'S THE DAY OR NIGHT. 1009 00:23:54,499 --> 00:23:56,668 SO SENTINEL-6 SPECIFICALLY, 1010 00:23:56,668 --> 00:23:59,571 UH, USES TWO MAIN INSTRUMENTS. 1011 00:23:59,571 --> 00:24:00,572 UH, THE FIRST ONE 1012 00:24:00,572 --> 00:24:01,373 IS THE ALTIMETER, 1013 00:24:01,373 --> 00:24:02,307 WHICH IS AN ACTIVE, 1014 00:24:02,307 --> 00:24:03,842 UH, INSTRUMENT. 1015 00:24:03,842 --> 00:24:04,843 UH, ACTIVE INSTRUMENT 1016 00:24:04,843 --> 00:24:05,677 MEANS THAT IT ACTUALLY 1017 00:24:05,677 --> 00:24:07,212 TRANSMITS POWER, 1018 00:24:07,212 --> 00:24:08,413 PASSIVE INSTRUMENT MEANS 1019 00:24:08,413 --> 00:24:09,481 THAT IT'S ONLY LOOKING AT 1020 00:24:09,481 --> 00:24:10,849 WHAT'S COMING AT IT. 1021 00:24:10,849 --> 00:24:13,451 UH, SO, UH, THE ALTIMETER 1022 00:24:13,451 --> 00:24:15,120 ACTUALLY SENDS A PULSE, 1023 00:24:15,120 --> 00:24:16,888 THE PULSE GOES AND BOUNCES 1024 00:24:16,888 --> 00:24:18,423 BACK THE SURFACE OF EARTH, 1025 00:24:18,423 --> 00:24:19,124 AND COMES BACK 1026 00:24:19,124 --> 00:24:20,325 TO THE INSTRUMENTS. 1027 00:24:20,325 --> 00:24:22,294 SO WE KNOW THE PRICE-PRECISE 1028 00:24:22,294 --> 00:24:24,162 ORBIT OF THE SATELLITES, 1029 00:24:24,162 --> 00:24:25,263 AND WE ALSO KNOW 1030 00:24:25,263 --> 00:24:26,364 HOW LONG IT ACTUALLY TOOK 1031 00:24:26,364 --> 00:24:27,766 FOR THESE, UH, 1032 00:24:27,766 --> 00:24:29,334 PULSE TO TRAVEL BACK AND FORTH. 1033 00:24:29,334 --> 00:24:30,302 AND SO WE CAN ACTUALLY 1034 00:24:30,302 --> 00:24:31,570 EXTRACT THE SURFACE HEIGHT 1035 00:24:31,570 --> 00:24:33,104 BY DOING SO. 1036 00:24:33,104 --> 00:24:34,439 UH, HOWEVER IT'S A LITTLE 1037 00:24:34,439 --> 00:24:36,842 BIT TINY, UH, MORE COMPLEX 1038 00:24:36,842 --> 00:24:38,777 THAN THAT BECAUSE THESE PULSE 1039 00:24:38,777 --> 00:24:40,478 CAN ACTUALLY BE SLOWED DOWN 1040 00:24:40,478 --> 00:24:41,780 BY THE ATMOSPHERE. 1041 00:24:41,780 --> 00:24:42,848 SO AS A RESULT 1042 00:24:42,848 --> 00:24:44,282 WE HAVE A RADIOMETER, 1043 00:24:44,282 --> 00:24:45,517 WHICH IS A PASSIVE INSTRUMENT 1044 00:24:45,517 --> 00:24:47,419 THAT IS ONLY LOOKING AT 1045 00:24:47,419 --> 00:24:48,820 SPECIFIC FREQUENCIES 1046 00:24:48,820 --> 00:24:51,056 AND POWER, UH, COMING AT IT, 1047 00:24:51,056 --> 00:24:52,657 WHICH ALLOWS US TO KNOW, 1048 00:24:52,657 --> 00:24:54,025 UH, HOW THIS PULSE 1049 00:24:54,025 --> 00:24:54,993 IS BEING AFFECTED. 1050 00:24:54,993 --> 00:24:56,628 SO THAT ALLOWS US TO CALIBRATE 1051 00:24:56,628 --> 00:24:57,295 THE RESULT THAT WE'RE 1052 00:24:57,295 --> 00:24:58,897 GETTING FORM THE ALTIMETER, 1053 00:24:58,897 --> 00:24:59,764 ALLOWING US TO GET 1054 00:24:59,764 --> 00:25:01,266 A VERY PRECISE MEASUREMENT 1055 00:25:01,266 --> 00:25:02,534 OF THE SURFACE HEIGHT. 1056 00:25:02,534 --> 00:25:05,537 THAT'S HOW SENTINEL-6 WORKS. 1057 00:25:05,537 --> 00:25:06,738 >> WOW, I HEAR THAT 1058 00:25:06,738 --> 00:25:07,672 AND JUST THINK, 1059 00:25:07,672 --> 00:25:09,374 WE'VE GOT A LOT OF INCREDIBLY 1060 00:25:09,374 --> 00:25:10,375 SMART ENGINEERS WORKING 1061 00:25:10,375 --> 00:25:12,077 FOR TEAM NASA, YOURSELF 1062 00:25:12,077 --> 00:25:13,278 OBVIOUSLY, INCLUDED. 1063 00:25:13,278 --> 00:25:14,346 [ CHUCKLING ] 1064 00:25:14,346 --> 00:25:15,380 UM, SO ONE THING THAT 1065 00:25:15,380 --> 00:25:16,014 I'VE THOUGHT ABOUT 1066 00:25:16,014 --> 00:25:16,748 AND MAYBE OTHERS HAVE 1067 00:25:16,748 --> 00:25:18,416 THOUGHT ABOUT THIS TOO IS THAT, 1068 00:25:18,416 --> 00:25:19,317 UM, IF THE OCEAN 1069 00:25:19,317 --> 00:25:20,652 IS CONSTANTLY MOVING 1070 00:25:20,652 --> 00:25:22,120 AND CONSTANTLY CHANGING, 1071 00:25:22,120 --> 00:25:23,521 HOW ARE WE ABLE TO CAPTURE 1072 00:25:23,521 --> 00:25:26,024 ACCURATE MEASUREMENTS? 1073 00:25:26,024 --> 00:25:26,791 >> THAT'S ACTUALLY A GREAT 1074 00:25:26,791 --> 00:25:27,993 QUESTION AND MY FRIENDS 1075 00:25:27,993 --> 00:25:29,294 CONSISTENTLY ASK ME 1076 00:25:29,294 --> 00:25:30,161 THE SAME QUESTION. 1077 00:25:30,161 --> 00:25:31,396 SO TRYING TO ANSWER 1078 00:25:31,396 --> 00:25:32,430 THAT QUESTION ALL THE TIME 1079 00:25:32,430 --> 00:25:33,798 I REALIZE THAT IT'S BECAUSE 1080 00:25:33,798 --> 00:25:35,267 PEOPLE HAVE IN MIND THE FACT 1081 00:25:35,267 --> 00:25:35,867 THAT WE'RE LOOKING 1082 00:25:35,867 --> 00:25:37,202 AT A SINGLE POINT, 1083 00:25:37,202 --> 00:25:38,336 SO IF YOU'RE LOOKING AT A SINGLE 1084 00:25:38,336 --> 00:25:40,171 POINT THAT IS CONSTANTLY MOVING, 1085 00:25:40,171 --> 00:25:40,906 SO OF COURSE IT 1086 00:25:40,906 --> 00:25:42,307 MAKES IT VERY DIFFICULT. 1087 00:25:42,307 --> 00:25:44,409 HOWEVER, WHAT THE, UH, 1088 00:25:44,409 --> 00:25:45,377 ALTIMETER IS ACTUALLY 1089 00:25:45,377 --> 00:25:47,245 LOOKING IS A FOOTPRINT, 1090 00:25:47,245 --> 00:25:48,446 UM, AT THE SURFACE-- 1091 00:25:48,446 --> 00:25:50,081 ON, UH, ON THE OCEAN 1092 00:25:50,081 --> 00:25:52,050 THAT IS ACTUALLY QUITE LARGE, 1093 00:25:52,050 --> 00:25:53,318 UH, SEVERAL KILOMETERS, 1094 00:25:53,318 --> 00:25:55,253 SO AS A RESULT, SMALL VARIATION, 1095 00:25:55,253 --> 00:25:57,822 UH-UH, AS A RESULT OF WAVES 1096 00:25:57,822 --> 00:25:58,623 AND THINGS LIKE THAT 1097 00:25:58,623 --> 00:25:59,724 WILL NOT REALLY AFFECT 1098 00:25:59,724 --> 00:26:00,792 THESE RESULTS SINCE WE'RE 1099 00:26:00,792 --> 00:26:02,794 AVERAGE-AVERAGING OVER 1100 00:26:02,794 --> 00:26:05,063 SUCH A LARGE, UH, AREA. 1101 00:26:05,063 --> 00:26:06,665 AND ALSO I SHOULD ADD TO THAT, 1102 00:26:06,665 --> 00:26:08,233 THAT THE OTHER, UH, 1103 00:26:08,233 --> 00:26:10,769 SPECIAL-SPECIAL, UH, 1104 00:26:10,769 --> 00:26:11,703 TEMPORAL RESOLUTION 1105 00:26:11,703 --> 00:26:12,771 IS REALLY WHAT WE CARE ABOUT. 1106 00:26:12,771 --> 00:26:14,606 SO, UH, SENTINEL-6 1107 00:26:14,606 --> 00:26:15,840 WILL BE ABLE TO COVER 1108 00:26:15,840 --> 00:26:17,275 THE ENTIRE MAP, UH, 1109 00:26:17,275 --> 00:26:20,011 OF ACTUALLY 95% OF THE MAP 1110 00:26:20,011 --> 00:26:20,912 OF THE GLOBE, 1111 00:26:20,912 --> 00:26:22,380 UH, EVERY TEN DAYS. 1112 00:26:22,380 --> 00:26:23,315 SO WE'LL BE ABLE 1113 00:26:23,315 --> 00:26:24,616 TO GET THIS DATA POINT 1114 00:26:24,616 --> 00:26:26,017 EVERY, UH, TEN DAYS 1115 00:26:26,017 --> 00:26:27,852 FOR A DURATION OF THE MISSION 1116 00:26:27,852 --> 00:26:29,054 WHICH IS FIVE YEARS, 1117 00:26:29,054 --> 00:26:30,322 UNTIL THE NEXT SATELLITE GOES 1118 00:26:30,322 --> 00:26:31,289 AND IT'S GONNA BE FIVE YEARS 1119 00:26:31,289 --> 00:26:32,424 AT ALL, UH, AGAIN. 1120 00:26:32,424 --> 00:26:33,425 SO THE SCIENTISTS 1121 00:26:33,425 --> 00:26:35,360 ARE LOOKING AT A VERY, 1122 00:26:35,360 --> 00:26:37,128 UH-UH CHANGES OVER A LARGE, 1123 00:26:37,128 --> 00:26:38,797 UH-UH, AMOUNT OF TIME, 1124 00:26:38,797 --> 00:26:40,231 SO, MANY YEARS. 1125 00:26:40,231 --> 00:26:41,166 >> RIGHT, YEAH, 1126 00:26:41,166 --> 00:26:42,667 SO IT'S NOT-IT'S NOT JUST 1127 00:26:42,667 --> 00:26:44,903 ABOUT ONE WAVE AT ONE MOMENT, 1128 00:26:44,903 --> 00:26:46,471 IT'S ABOUT, YOU KNOW, 1129 00:26:46,471 --> 00:26:47,806 UH-UH THE BIG PICTURE 1130 00:26:47,806 --> 00:26:49,607 OVER A LONG PERIOD OF TIME-- 1131 00:26:49,607 --> 00:26:50,275 >> EXACTLY. 1132 00:26:50,275 --> 00:26:50,775 >> --ON AVERAGE. 1133 00:26:50,775 --> 00:26:51,309 >> YEAH. 1134 00:26:51,309 --> 00:26:52,344 >> YEAH, THAT MAKES TOTAL SENSE. 1135 00:26:52,344 --> 00:26:53,211 YEAH, SO NOW I WANNA 1136 00:26:53,211 --> 00:26:54,112 TALK ABOUT SOMETHING 1137 00:26:54,112 --> 00:26:55,013 THAT'S PROBABLY VERY NEAR 1138 00:26:55,013 --> 00:26:56,681 AND DEAR TO YOUR HEART. 1139 00:26:56,681 --> 00:26:57,649 WE'VE BEEN TALKING A LOT ABOUT 1140 00:26:57,649 --> 00:26:59,417 NASA'S NEXT OCEAN MONITORING 1141 00:26:59,417 --> 00:27:01,186 SYSTEM, SENTINEL-6, 1142 00:27:01,186 --> 00:27:03,621 UM, BUT I UNDERSTAND 1143 00:27:03,621 --> 00:27:04,589 YOU'RE ACTUALLY WORKING ON 1144 00:27:04,589 --> 00:27:05,657 A NEW EARTH OBSERVING 1145 00:27:05,657 --> 00:27:07,525 MISSION CALLED SWOT. 1146 00:27:07,525 --> 00:27:08,827 AND BEFORE WE GET INTO YOU 1147 00:27:08,827 --> 00:27:10,328 TELLING US WHAT SWOT IS ABOUT, 1148 00:27:10,328 --> 00:27:11,396 CAN YOU ACTUALLY TELL US 1149 00:27:11,396 --> 00:27:13,765 WHAT THAT ACRONYM MEANS? 1150 00:27:13,765 --> 00:27:15,633 >> YES, SO SWOT MEANS SURFACE, 1151 00:27:15,633 --> 00:27:17,602 WATER, OCEAN, TOPOGRAPHY. 1152 00:27:17,602 --> 00:27:18,370 >> OKAY. 1153 00:27:18,370 --> 00:27:19,337 >> AND TOPOGRAPHY IS A FANCY 1154 00:27:19,337 --> 00:27:21,940 WORD TO DEFINE THE STUDY 1155 00:27:21,940 --> 00:27:23,641 OF THE SHAPE OF, UH, 1156 00:27:23,641 --> 00:27:24,976 WHAT WE'RE LOOKING AT. 1157 00:27:24,976 --> 00:27:25,677 >> OKAY, GOT IT. 1158 00:27:25,677 --> 00:27:26,845 >> AND SO THE WAY SWOT WORKS, 1159 00:27:26,845 --> 00:27:28,313 UH, IT'S BASICALLY, 1160 00:27:28,313 --> 00:27:29,681 WE'RE USING THE SAME INSTRUMENT 1161 00:27:29,681 --> 00:27:31,016 THAT SENTINEL-6 IS USING, 1162 00:27:31,016 --> 00:27:32,717 SO IT CARRIES A-A-A LARGE 1163 00:27:32,717 --> 00:27:34,586 HERITAGE FROM SENTINEL-6 1164 00:27:34,586 --> 00:27:35,653 AND THE JASON SERIES, 1165 00:27:35,653 --> 00:27:36,921 UH, SATELLITES. 1166 00:27:36,921 --> 00:27:38,490 UH, BUT ON TOP OF THE ALTIMETER 1167 00:27:38,490 --> 00:27:39,557 AND THE RADIOMETER 1168 00:27:39,557 --> 00:27:40,592 AND ALL THE INSTRUMENTS 1169 00:27:40,592 --> 00:27:42,427 TO-TO PROVIDE A PRECISE 1170 00:27:42,427 --> 00:27:43,962 ORBIT, UH, MEASUREMENT 1171 00:27:43,962 --> 00:27:45,196 OF THE SATELLITE, 1172 00:27:45,196 --> 00:27:46,031 WE'LL ALSO HAVE A VERY, 1173 00:27:46,031 --> 00:27:47,532 VERY FANCY RADAR. 1174 00:27:47,532 --> 00:27:48,266 I'M NOT GONNA GO 1175 00:27:48,266 --> 00:27:48,900 INTO THE DETAILS 1176 00:27:48,900 --> 00:27:50,668 ON HOW THIS, UH-UH-UH, 1177 00:27:50,668 --> 00:27:53,304 RADAR WORKS, BUT UH, 1178 00:27:53,304 --> 00:27:54,339 WHAT YOU NEED TO TAKE OUT 1179 00:27:54,339 --> 00:27:55,673 OF THAT IS THAT THIS, 1180 00:27:55,673 --> 00:27:57,442 UH, FANCY RADAR, UH, 1181 00:27:57,442 --> 00:27:58,977 ALLOWS US TO GET INLAND 1182 00:27:58,977 --> 00:28:00,779 MEASUREMENTS, AND ALSO, 1183 00:28:00,779 --> 00:28:01,846 UH, FOR THE FIRST TIME, 1184 00:28:01,846 --> 00:28:02,914 THAT'S GONNA BE THE FIRST TIME 1185 00:28:02,914 --> 00:28:04,015 A SATELLITE WILL BE ABLE 1186 00:28:04,015 --> 00:28:04,883 TO GET INLAND 1187 00:28:04,883 --> 00:28:05,950 WATER MEASUREMENTS. 1188 00:28:05,950 --> 00:28:07,318 >> THAT'S-THAT'S HUGE. 1189 00:28:07,318 --> 00:28:08,119 >> YES. 1190 00:28:08,119 --> 00:28:09,954 AND ALSO, IT WILL BE ABLE 1191 00:28:09,954 --> 00:28:12,123 TO GIVE US, UH, 1192 00:28:12,123 --> 00:28:12,957 INFORMATION ABOUT 1193 00:28:12,957 --> 00:28:14,926 THE CURRENTS ON THE OCEAN. 1194 00:28:14,926 --> 00:28:17,028 UH, AND ON TOP OF THAT, 1195 00:28:17,028 --> 00:28:18,196 WILL GIVE US A BETTER 1196 00:28:18,196 --> 00:28:19,631 RANGE RESOLUTION, UH, 1197 00:28:19,631 --> 00:28:20,365 AND DISCRIMINATION 1198 00:28:20,365 --> 00:28:21,633 OF A FEW METERS. 1199 00:28:21,633 --> 00:28:23,168 SO WE'RE PUSHING THE LIMITS 1200 00:28:23,168 --> 00:28:25,437 OF WHAT WE'RE CAPABLE OF, UH, 1201 00:28:25,437 --> 00:28:27,372 DOING WITH CURRENT SATELLITES, 1202 00:28:27,372 --> 00:28:28,673 UH, EVERY TIME. 1203 00:28:28,673 --> 00:28:29,340 SO SATELLITE'S 1204 00:28:29,340 --> 00:28:30,442 A GOOD EXAMPLE OF THAT, 1205 00:28:30,442 --> 00:28:31,109 WE'RE ALWAYS PUSHING 1206 00:28:31,109 --> 00:28:31,643 THE BOUNDARIES 1207 00:28:31,643 --> 00:28:34,412 OF WHAT WE CAN DO. 1208 00:28:34,412 --> 00:28:35,480 >> WELL YOU HEARD IT HERE, 1209 00:28:35,480 --> 00:28:36,347 FOLKS, UH, OUR TEAM 1210 00:28:36,347 --> 00:28:37,515 IS PRODUCING THE LATEST 1211 00:28:37,515 --> 00:28:38,149 AND GREATEST WITH 1212 00:28:38,149 --> 00:28:39,117 WHATEVER THEY DO, 1213 00:28:39,117 --> 00:28:41,152 AND RIGHT NOW IT HAPPENS TO BE 1214 00:28:41,152 --> 00:28:42,187 AN AMAZING OCEAN 1215 00:28:42,187 --> 00:28:43,655 MONITORING SYSTEM. 1216 00:28:43,655 --> 00:28:44,923 UM, BUT THAT'S ABOUT 1217 00:28:44,923 --> 00:28:46,357 ALL THE TIME WE HAVE. 1218 00:28:46,357 --> 00:28:47,659 THANK YOU SO MUCH, NACER, 1219 00:28:47,659 --> 00:28:49,027 FOR JOINING US. 1220 00:28:49,027 --> 00:28:50,295 >> THANK YOU FOR HAVING ME. 1221 00:28:50,295 --> 00:28:51,429 MY PLEASURE. 1222 00:28:51,429 --> 00:28:52,230 >> AND THANK YOU 1223 00:28:52,230 --> 00:28:53,865 FOR JOINING US AT HOME. 1224 00:28:53,865 --> 00:28:54,933 IF YOU WOULD LIKE TO LEARN MORE 1225 00:28:54,933 --> 00:28:56,067 ABOUT OUR GLOBAL OCEAN 1226 00:28:56,067 --> 00:28:57,068 AND SEA LEVEL RISE 1227 00:28:57,068 --> 00:28:58,536 RESEARCH AT NASA, 1228 00:28:58,536 --> 00:28:59,437 PLEASE HEAD OVER TO 1229 00:28:59,437 --> 00:29:02,140 SEALEVEL.NASA.GOV. 1230 00:29:02,140 --> 00:29:03,308 FOR MORE INFORMATION ABOUT 1231 00:29:03,308 --> 00:29:04,742 THE SENTINEL-6 MICHAEL FREILICH 1232 00:29:04,742 --> 00:29:06,478 SATELLITE AND SEA LEVEL RISE, 1233 00:29:06,478 --> 00:29:07,645 AND FOR WAYS TO WATCH 1234 00:29:07,645 --> 00:29:09,114 THE LAUNCH WITH US, 1235 00:29:09,114 --> 00:29:10,682 FOLLOW @NASAEARTH ON 1236 00:29:10,682 --> 00:29:12,050 TWITTER AND FACEBOOK.